1840 census: Idiocy/Insanity categories○Had a Freudian psychoanalytic skewNo research behind itAll recognized psychiatric disorders and symptoms□1952: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)Not very different than DSM I, still used Freudian theory□1968: DSM IIAtheoretical, symptom-based model□Vague/ambiguous/unclearSome unhappy FreudiansSome disliked atheoretical modelUniversally poor reception□1980: DSM III: Shift in psychological world - Freudian perspective fadingTried to clear some ambiguities/language□Incorporated more empirical research (not as atheoretical)□1987: DSM III R (revised): corrected perceived errorsMore research incorporated into the model□1994: DSM IV: Similar to DSM III R2000: DSM IV TR (text revision): changed some language2013: DSM 5: not very different from DSM IVPagesDisordersDSM I130106DSM II134182DSM III494265DSM III R567292DSM IV886297DSM 5992????Post-WWII: PTSD symptoms, American Psychological Association categorized a diagnostic system○Until the 1950s, there was no universal/standardized method of diagnosis of mental illness•Social Norm Model1.Does it cause distress/harm to yourself or others?i.Distress Model2."The ability to love and work [defines normality]" - Sigmund Freudi."Must cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, educational areas of functioning" to be considered a DSM disorder1)Ability to form/maintain relationships and function at work/in life, etc.ii.Functional impairment3.All diagnoses may be a physiological illness with biological causes - in the brain, etc.i.Medical Model4.Models for diagnoses•Improve reliability of diagnoses□Symptom-based checklist approachTend to be observable behavioral symptoms○DSM diagnoses•Do we need to define mental illness?Never defines what a mental illness is○Normal variation in human behavior becoming defined as mental illnessOver-pathologizing○Arbitrary checklists (ex. 5/9 symptoms=disorder)What is clinically significant impairment?Does a poor job defining normal/abnormal behavior○Some disorders are very similar to each other, difficult to diagnosePoor differentiation amongst the disorders○Diagnoses just label symptoms without explaining anything○Atheoretical○Common criticisms of DSM•DSM enhances reliability○Spurs empirical research○There is no DSM disorder that can be established with a lab test or similarCreates operational, objective definitions○What does the DSM do well?•DSM: 4/28/14Saturday, May 10, 20148:06 PM Psychology Page 1There is no DSM disorder that can be established with a lab test or similarTo guide toward treatment○Reduces stigma by explaining behavior○Predicts what will happen in medicine, not in psychologyPrognosis○Diagnosis• Psychology Page