Persecutory: erroneous belief that someone is targeting/persecuting/surveilling me□Referential: Unrelated things refer to me□Somatic: erroneous beliefs about my body ex. Bugs are inside of me□Religious: ex. God is talking to me□Grandiose: Delusions that I am a super-being, ex. Napolean, Jesus, etc.□DelusionsMost common delusions are persecutory: can hear persecutory hallucinations ("go kill yourself", "Director's commentary": common hallucination of comments narrating behavior "he's walking to the left")◊Can coincide with delusions, combination feeds in on each otherCan occur in any modality, most common are auditory and visual (sound)□Hallucinations: having an untrue sensory experience"Word salad," random nonsequitors□Disorganized speechDisorganized behaviorPositive symptoms: positive actions, addition of new, maladaptive behaviors○Affective blunting: reduction in emotional expression; flat emotive façade□Restricted speech□Lack of goal-directed behavior□Catatonia□Harder to diagnose somone who only exhibits negative symptomsNegative symptoms:○Inappropriate affect (for environmental context)Dysphoric mood (low mood)Disturbed sleep patternsDifficulty concentratingHigh levels of drugs/alcohol/cigarettes - substance abuse (risk seeking behavior, maybe including sexual activity/risks)Associated features of schizophrenia:○Males: late teens-mid 20s□Some believe it is related to changes of pubertyUsually a gradual onsetIn retrospect, you can see some childhood abnormalities (although it is not predictive)Women: mid 20s-early 30s□Almost never see development in prepubescent childrenOnset of Schizophrenia:○Those with positive symptoms self-recognize disorder more easily□Negative symptoms are more chronic, harder to alleviateBest treatment=psychotropic medications□Complete remission is rare, usually waxing/waning of symptomsPositive symptoms remit more easily○Strong genetic component, seems to be hereditary○Chronic and lifelongCostly to treat○Schizophrenia•Social skills deficitsLanguage deficitsRestricted/repetitive interests and activitiesSymptoms:○Attention deficiencyImpulsivityHyperactivityEmotional volatility/labilityLearning deficitsAssociated Symptoms:○Diagnosis began in 30s/40sUsually diagnosed relatively early - during early development○60-70% of autistic people have some mental impairmentTheorized that Autism is a result of damage to one's Theory of mind□Most people are said to develop a "Theory of Mind": ability to empathize/sympathize/understand external behaviorAssumed to be a neurological abnormality○Anti-depressant/ADHD meds/etc. probably used to help Associated Symptoms, like anxietyBehavioral therapies based on operant conditioning principles○Autism Spectrum Disorder•People with a total disregard for the rights of othersTerm used to replace psychopathy/sociopathy○ManipulativeImpulsiveDon't think of consequencesLieStealAssaultRapeArrogantBehavior:○Antisocial Disorder•Abnormal Psychology: 4/30/14Saturday, May 10, 20148:38 PM Psychology Page 1ArrogantIrritableHostileConfrontationalHigh-risk behaviorMust be evidence of behavior before age 15 to be considered DSM disorder○Lack empathyAppears chronicTraditional talk-therapy is completely ineffective□Psychotropic drugs not effective□Seems to be untreatableProbably neurological reasons for capacitive differences○Severity of behavior decreased in age 40s-50s, most sever in 18-30 years old○Mostly males diagnosed: (2:1 male to female diagnosis)○Not cool, cunning, clever serial killers (Hannibal Lecter/Dexter)Most Antisocial people are low in IQ, have history of learning disorder, impulsive○Mood is highly instableRelationships: hard time maintaining close relationshipsSelf-image: View of self is unstable"Unstable" - Areas of instability○EmotionalitySensitivityImpulsivity (earing, gambling, spending, sex, substance abuse)Suicidal ideation/gesturesSelf-injuryMoody, become intensely angry when angeredSymptoms: high levels of○Women receive 75% of Borderline diagnosis○Perceived abandonment/past abandonmentIs often a history of childhood abuse (physical/sexual)Often diagnosed have abandonment issues○Looks very similar to bipolar disorder diagnostically○Aims to prevent self-harm and suicidal tendenciesDialectical behavior therapy was designed for Borderline○Expensive disorder to treatSymptoms decrease in severity in 40s-50s○Borderline Personality Disorder• Psychology Page