Human Intelligence1920s: conference hosted by journal or psychology to define intelligence, ended badlya.1986: tried again, same result, no workable definitionb.Francis Gaulton: first person to objectively study intelligence in late 1800sI.Problem solving1.Learning (quicker, greater efficiency, breadth and depth)2.Reasoning3.Most conceptions of intelligence include:I."Intelligence is a very general mental capacity, which, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings, catching on, making sense of things, or figuring out what to do."1.Why are we different?i.Field of intelligence always looking at individual differences2.Working definition of intelligence from 1994: "The Bell Curve"I.Had teachers rank each child in terms of where they fit in different subjects 1-261.Administered a pitch discrimination test (sensory discrimination test)i.French, math, classics, music, English2.Moderate to strong positive correlation for all variables, lowest as +.40 between math and pitchi.Took these 6 variables and correlated them3.Reduces large numbers of correlationsi.In factor Analysis of the student study, there was a single factor underlying relationships: General Intelligence (g)1)Find common factors in all correlationsii.Spearman developed a statistical procedure called Factor Analysis:4.G drives everything we do from a cognitive perspectivei.Highly controversial since 1904. (Publication of study)ii.Theorized that: 5.However, objective cognitive tests seems to positively correlate together usuallyi.Issues: bias of teacher6.If we say that intelligence is not separate, independent connections and abilities, we say that intelligence is some general force.i.Positive manifold: cognitive abilities tend to be positively correlated7.Charles Spearman (1883-1945)I.Linguistic intelligence ex. William Shakespeare1.Logical-Mathematical Intelligence ex. Isaac Newton2.Spatial Intelligence (visual spatial skills, shape, form, 3D, artists ex. Tetris) ex. Michaelangelo3.Musical Intelligence ex. Mozart4.Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence (ability to use ones body effectively) 5.Original theory: There are 7 independent, equally important intelligences.a.Howard Gardner 1983: "Multiple Intelligences"I.Human Intelligence: 3/26/14Wednesday, March 26, 20147:04 PM Psychology Page 1Not strength, speed, but how effectively you can use your body, down to detailed/delicate tasks. Cognitive ability1)Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence (ability to use ones body effectively) 5.Interpersonal Intelligence (ability to understand/read people)6.Spearman saw the brain as a sonic screwdriver, Gardner saw the brain as a Swiss Army knifea)Completely unrelated to each other1)Not one of these are more important than any other for humans2)Intrapersonal Intelligence (ability to understand yourself, introspection) ex. Freud7.Most IQ tests measure them to some degree1.Gardner believes tests are artificial and could never measure things accurately (like judging batting practice instead of a real game)1)Other 4 are harder to measure2.Critics of Gardner assert that not all intelligences are equal, not all low intelligences are impairing to the point of handicapping3.Someone who is degrading in athletic ability would be said by Gardner to be declining in cognitive intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence4.How do you measure these? b.Spearman and Gardner's theories are not usually combineda.Spearman camp tends to dismiss final 4 forms of Gardner's forms of intelligence as forms of intelligence, and the final two are classified as personality traitsII.Note: creating an Intrapersonal intelligence test could be pretty Easy, such as surveying one person in-depth on their levels of understanding, and descriptions of themselves, compared to people who know them very well, including close family and partners. Perhaps also acquaintances and initial appearances Psychology Page