Alfred Binet: researched child development, foremost expert in educational psychologyWas consulted by the French school system to come up with screen for special needs studentsDecided to devise objective testPublished first IQ test in 1905 •Atheoretical Questions about memory, reasoning, comprehension, knowledge: "higher order" thinking skillsTest worked by taking groups of school-age kids and got avg level of performance by age groups Score was reported as a "mental age": above avg age was good, below avg age might reflect students who would struggle in school Test worked well First practical, workable, objective measure of intelligence One of the first instances of psychology having good practical applicationsEventually formula was created (Mental age / Chronological age) x 100= intelligence quotient (IQ) This is how 100 becomes the average for every age groupBinet didn't subscribe to intelligence theories, but Spearman cited it as a good test of gLewis TermanAmerican (Stanford) Psychologist Terman translates test into English, changes some comprehension/knowledge questions to enable them to apply to American students Created the Stanford-Binet, quickly popularized and became standard for all US IQ tests Problems with Binet's test:1. Could only be utilized on school-age children2. Single-user format (individually administered)1917 - US engages in WWIMust decide placement for army, who will be soldiers and who can specialize Arthur Otis develops Army Alpha test: borrowed liberally from Binet:but for adults and can be administered in a group format. Worked well IF test-taker spoke English and could read well Developed the Army Beta test: totally non-verbal (for immigrants and illiterate)Today: ASVAP still in place in army, only institution allowed to discriminate on the basis of IQDavid WechslerNew York PsychologistDrafted into army as psychologist, was a scorer of army alpha/beta testsDeveloped his own series of IQ tests: devised a new, more statistically reliable and sophisticated way of scoring. Eliminated mental age and replaced w/deviation scoresFirst of Wechsler series developed in 1939, by 1960s Wechsler series surpasses Binet in popularity and continue to today to be the most popular IQ testStanford-Binet 5th edition uses deviation scores, no longer scores on mental ageIQ tests are used for:1. Predictions Academic performance and placement. People with higher IQs tend to perform better academically2. Diagnoses Intellectually disabled, learning disabilities, giftedness, forensic evaluations, assessing brain damageIQ Tests: 3/31/14 Psychology Page 1Wechsler 3:One type of question is showing a picture and asking what is missingSecond section is common knowledge" Psychology Page