Biology Lab FSU Final Exam Types of selection Disruptive selection results in a balancing of two contrasting phenotypes in a population and typically occurs in a patchy environment for example the African finch lives in an area where only small and large seeds are available never intermediate ones and birds with small or large beaks are selected for because medium beaks are inefficient at cracking both sizes of seeds Stabilizing selection favors intermediate phenotypes and typically occurs in more stable environments where extreme phenotypes are selected against keeps the average human birth weight between 3 4kg because babies born either above or below this range are a greater risk for infant mortality Directional selection shifts the overall makeup of a population by selecting for one extreme is common when the environment changes as in the peppered moth example Sexual Selection a specific form of a natural selection to which individuals with certain traits are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates Be able to identify a valid scientific argument a good use of science a confounding variable and be able to interpret graphs Difference between structures and functions Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles such as the nucleus while prokaryotic cells do not Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts the cell wall and the structure of chromosomal DNA Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until more complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of evolution ALL CELLS HAVE DNA the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane bound nucleus in eukaryotes Plasma membrane a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and export of materials Cytoplasm the rest of the material of the cell within the plasma membrane excluding the nucleoid region or nucleus that consists of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles and other particulates suspended in it Ribosomes the organelles on which protein synthesis takes place How does a stimulant and depressant work Stimulant stimulate the affected portion of the nervous system by either increasing the effect of an excitatory neurotransmitter or blocking the effect of an inhibitory one Depressants have the opposite effect of a stimulant because they are either blocking the action of an excitatory neurotransmitter or increase the action of an inhibitory one Human Reproductive system Need to Know Epididymis structure sitting on top of the testes where sperm continue to mature and become motile when a specific protein turns their swimming tails on Seminal vesicles accessory glands that release a fluid high in sugars that provides energy for the sperm Prostate gland accessory gland that secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidity of the females vagina Cowper s gland accessory gland that secretes a slippery fluid that lubricates the urethra allowing semen to be released more easily Meiosis Mitosis KNOW THIS Definition A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes producing two haploid cells A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica with an equal number of chromosomes in each resulting diploid cell Cellular reproduction and general growth and repair of the body Function Genetic diversity through sexual reproduction Type of Reproduction Sexual Occurs in Genetically Humans animals plants fungi Different Crossing Over Yes mixing of chromosomes can occur No crossing over cannot occur Pairing of Homologs Number of Divisions Yes 2 Number of Daughter Cells produced 4 haploid cells Chromosome Number Reduced by half Remains the same Asexual All organisms Identical No 1 2 diploid cells Steps Creates Meiosis 1 Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Meiosis 2 Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II and Telophase II Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Sex cells only female egg cells or male sperm cells Makes everything other than sex cells Diagram of Mitosis and Meosis Know how to do a Punnet Square Understand Genotypes the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a single trait set of traits or an entire complex of traits Homozygous dominant Having two identical alleles that code for the same trait Heterozygous dissimilar alleles that code for the same gene or trait Recessive a recessive gene or allele is one in which the effect is not tangible or is masked by the effects of the dominant gene The recessive trait may be expressed when the recessive genes are in homozygous condition or when the dominant gene is not present That happens when an organism inherits a pair of recessive genes from its parents Epignome controls gene expressions definition a subset of genes whose function is controlled by specific biochemical factors as well as by their DNA sequence Gel Electrophoresis a way to identify genetic DNA crime scenes use it breaks DNA into bands but does not say the epignome How are identical twins formed The egg splits and has the same fertilized egg What is cancer Unregulated cell division the bad cells keep growing Where do we find phosphorus in our bodies Cell membranes and phosphorus makes up the DNA backbone Nitrogen is found in proteins and bases in DNA ALL living things have DNA Do viruses have DNA A Virus is essentially a nucleic acid DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein shell or coat So YES Innovation Park look over the Data your specific class found ie biomass and types We used pit fall drops to collect our samples at Innovation Park How do we determine fitness Ability to reproduce and have kids can reproude What is predation a mode of life in which food is primarily obtained by the killing and consuming of animals Graph on Page 58 of your biology lab textbook The path the egg takes to become fertilized and how sperm ejaculates Barrier contraceptives work diaphragm blocks entrance to uterus at the pages 53 54 55 cervics sperm do not meet Sterlization prevents fertilization because the Standard deviation equation Possible SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS What is homeostasis The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions