Bio Lab Post-Test ReviewMany of the bullets below that are BLUE will most likely show up as an extended responsequestion (There will be 4 extended response questions and you have to answer 3 of them)- Explain the interconnectedness of systems (know at least two systems and how they are connected)o As one exercises, the body starts to heat up and the brain activates cooling mechanisms via the nervous system, the blood vessels of your circulatory system dilate near your skin to release heat, and sweat is produced to cool the body- Differentiate between hypotheses and predictions and be able to come up with your own given a particular scenario (also know what a theory is)o Definition of hypothesis: a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation (In simpler terms it is a testable explanation for a narrow set of phenomena)  Ex. If plants are watered with a 10% detergent solution, their growth will be negatively affected.0o Definition of prediction: what will happen based on data gathered in hypothesis Ex. Plants will not grow.o Definition of theory: an explanation that has been rigorously tested using a wide set of phenomena- Design an experiment that follows the Scientific Method given a particular problem/issue. Remember how you tested similar problems during the lab meetings. o When designing your experiment, make sure you have a constant- How cells are able to be specialized in structure and function and why the specialization is important o Cells function due to each cell containing DNA that has a specific genetic codeo Prokaryotes Pro = before, Karyon = Nucleus (lacks a nucleus & membrane bound organelles)o Eukaryotes Eu = true, karyon = nucleus (has a nucleus); the nucleus is important because it controls the activities of a cell through regulating gene expression. These activities include metabolism, growth, and reproduction Includes Protists, Fungi, Animals, and Plantso Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have shared features: Cytoplasm Ribosomes DNA Cell membraneo Red Blood Cells have a groove in the center so they are able to carry oxygen throughout the body o White Blood Cells help fight disease and other harmful bacteria- Roles of Bacteriao Certain bacteria break down food, aid in the repair of tissues and organs, and help ward off harmful bacteria (harmful bacteria can grow in to becoming diseases & sicknesses)- Differentiate Mitosis/Meiosiso Mitosis: Regular cell division 2 diploid (daughter) cells identical to parents Cancer Tumors Metastasis (spreading of cancer from one organ to another)o Meiosis: Sexual reproduction/gametes 4 haploid cells Crossing over (swap pieces of DNA (chromosomes)) Independent assortment (randomly assorting to different cells)- Crossing over and independent assortment cannot occur in Mitosis due to a homologous structure- Understand natural selection and three types of natural selectiono Natural Selection: the gradual process by which variations of biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of the effect of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environment.o 3 types of natural selection: Stabilizing SelectionEx. Short plants may not be able to compete with other plants for sunlight. Tall plants may be more susceptible to wind damage.Combined, these selection pressures will produce plants of medium height- Directional SelectionEx. Giraffe necks: there was a selection pressure against short necks, since individuals with short necks could not reach as many leaves on which to feed. As a result, the distribution of neck lengthshifted to favor individuals with long necks.- Disruptive SelectionEx. Imagine a plant of extremely variable height that is pollinated by three different pollinators, one that was attracted to short plants,another that preferred plants of medium height and a third that visited only the tallest plants. If the pollinator that preferred plants of medium height disappeared from an area, medium height plants would be selected against and the population would tend toward both short and tall, but not medium height plants. - How ecosystems can become unbalancedo Overpopulation, overeating of a specific population by a specific population, disease, pollution, sudden change in climate, hunting, etc.Other things you need to know but most likely will show up as a multiple choice question (There are about 24 to 30 multiple choice questions)- Explain how an observation is different from an inferenceo Observation: what is observed during the experimento Inference: A conclusion found based off of information gathered from the observation- Explain how data is different from evidence o Evidence is derived from the data- What are two ways drugs can cause both an increase & decrease in brain activity?o Increase brain activity (stimulant): Stimulates neurotransmitters that are used for cognition Stimulates neurotransmitters that are used for memoryo Decrease brain activity (Depressant): Induce sleep and drowsiness Block action of excitatory neurotransmitters- How are the abiotic components of an ecosystem directly interconnected with the biotic elements? o The biotic (living) elements use abiotic (non-living) components as tools of survival/recreation/to aid with life’s requirements Ex. Ecosystem: Home; Biotic Factors: Mother, father, dog; Abiotic Factors: carpet, lamp, and televisiono Important abiotic factors to know are: Nitrogen – DNA base & proteins Potassium - electrolytes Phosphorous – DNA backbone, phospholipid membrane- Definition of Eutrophication: The rise in nitrates and phosphates in an aquatic system due to sewage and fertilizers- Invasive Species: Refers to non-indigenous or non-native species. Such invasive species may be either plants or animals and may disrupt by dominating a region, wilderness areas, particular habitats, etc. from loss of natural controls (such as predators or herbivores).- Competition, Mutualism, and Predationo Competition: Organisms compete for finite resources Includes fighting over/gaining territory, sexual partners, etc.o Mutualism: Both organisms benefit Ex. Shark gets cleaned, Remora fish gets foodo Predation: One organism/group benefits while the other one is hurt Ex. Lion kills and eats a deer- Know the three domains of life:o Bacteriao