BIOL 1209 Final Exam Study Guide Evolution Evolution Change in genetic makeup of a population over time Natural Selection The successful passage of genetic material to the next generation s gene pool differential reproduction based on genotype based on genetic advantages certain characteristics may offer over others Difference between natural selection and induced mutation Natural selection occurs through natural process while induced mutation is artificially engineered in order to benefit humans in some type of way PopG Genetic Equilibrium Selection Heterozygous Advantage Genetic Drift Allele Frequencies Genetic makeup of an entire population Heterozygote Advantage Both Homozygous conditions are being selected against Genetic Drift Change in gene pool due to chance Acts in all populations but dramatically affects the allele frequencies when the population size is small Gene Flow Population is isolated from others so only a small representation of the gene pool is present leading to a population with genotypic differences Hardy Weinberg used to predict future genotypic frequencies of a population when there are no changes in the gene pool of a population o P 2 frequency of homozygous dominant o 2pq frequency of heterozygous o Q 2 frequency of homozygous recessive o p 2 2pq q 2 1 00 o p q 1 00 Ecology Population Group of individuals from a same species that live in a particular place at a specific time Community The distribution and abundance of multiple species in a specified area at a specified time Ecosystem community of plants and animals plus the abiotic factors in an area Ecology Dynamics of a single species and how it interacts with the environment influences sizes and population growth Abiotic Factor Nonliving factors that affect living organisms such as environmental factors Biotic Factor Living factors that affect living organisms such as interactions disease and reproductive output Carrying Capacity The maximum biomass of a species a habitat can support for a prolonged period of time Population Community Ecosystem Difference between density dependence and density independence If a population s growth is dependent on population size it is density dependent If birth and death rate are not dependent on population size it is density independent Difference between logistic and exponential growth models and be able to draw each In exponential growth population models birth exceeds death and they are density independent It ignores migration and assumes unlimited resources In logistic growth models birth and death rates level off at carrying capacity K Limited by abiotic and biotic factors density dependent More often observed in natural populations Exponential Logistic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles Nitrogen Cycle Components Nitrogen moves through the ecosystem in multiple chemical forms with various levels of bioavailibity o Ammonia NH4 Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonia which can be converted to the form used by plants o Nitrite NO2 A short lived form of nitrogen intermediate between ammonia and nitrate o Nitrate NO3 The form of nitrogen that is usable by plants Phosphate Cycle Components An essential nutrient for both heterotrophs and autotrophs phosphate is often the limiting nutrient in freshwater systems o Excessive phosphate can result in algae booms which causes fish kills o Occurs naturally in rocks and soil Systematics Be able to correctly draw a tree with provided species and traits Homology Shared similarity due to common ancestry or the same structure phenotype under every variety of form and function Analogy Artificial similarity not based on common ancestry the independent origin of similar trait from a dissimilar ancestral condition Difference between phylogenetic and classification trees o Phylogenetic trees are drawn based on evolutionary distance while classification trees are not Phylogenetic trees are more accurate in terms of how closely related organisms are to each other What does the x axis of a tree indicate Evolutionary time Be able to tell if trees are identical or not free rotation of nodes Diversity 3 Domains Archaea Bacteria Eukarya 6 Kingdoms Animalia Plantae Protista Fungi Archaebacteria Eubacteria Bacteria Archaea Protista Different bacterial shapes Where are archaea generally found In extreme environments i e high temperature high salinity etc What is the difference between a thermophile halophile and methanophiles Thermophile Live in conditions of extreme heat or cold Halophile Live in conditions with high saline Methanophile Live in conditions with high levels of methane Protist Phylums Ameoba Lack of specific shape pseudopodia Paramecium Macro and micro nucleus Cilia Foraminifera 4X only Can be arranged in a single row in multiple rows or wound into a spiral Pseudopodia Diatoms Radially Symmetrical Bilaterally Symmetrical or both Non Moving Dinoflagellates Perpendicular grooves and cellulose plates making up the cell wall Flagella Radiolaria Shells made of silica Pseudopodia Trypanosoma At 4x blood cells visible Need 40x to see worm like trypanosome Flagella Animal Like Plant Like Ameoba Dinoflagellates Foraminifera Diatoms Trypanosoma Brown algae Ciliophora Red algae Plants Alteration of Generations Alternation of haploid and diploid generations in a plant s sex cycle o Haploid Gametophyte o Diploid Sporophyte Evolutionary shift toward sporophyte being the dominant generation Non Vascular Seedless Plants REQUIRE WATER FOR REPRODUCTION Phylum Chlorophyta Green Algae Isomorphic sporophyte and gametophyte phases inhabit freshwater environments Phylum Bryophyta True Mosses Gametophyte dominated generation Phylum Hepatophyta Liverworts flattened and lobed bodies Gametophyte dominated Other various Phyla Vascular Seedless Plants Phylum Lycophyta Club Mosses Sporophyte dominated generation Requires water for reproduction Phylum Spenophyta Horsetails Sporophyte dominated generation Requires water for reproduction Phylum Pterophyta Ferns Sporophyte dominated generation Requires water for reproduction Vascular Plants with Naked Seeds Gymnosperms Seeds not protected by fruit or flower Phyla not included in samples are gnetophyta ARE NOT DEPENDENT ON WATER FOR REPRODUCTION Phylum Cycadophyta Cycads Sporophyte dominated generation Phylum Ginkgophyta Ginkgos Sporophyte dominated generation Phylum Conifera Conifers Sporophyte dominated generation Vascular Plants with Covered Seeds Angiosperms Phylum Anthophyta Flowering plants