Analogous characters perform the same or similar functions but are structurally different Artificial similarity not based on common ancestry Similar in function NOT similar due to ancestry The independent origin of similar trait from a dissimilar ancestral condition Homologous characters have the same or similar structure but perform different functions Similarity derived from common ancestry Shared similarity due to common ancestry or the same structure phenotype under every variety of form and function similar due to ancestry may or may not be similar in function A bat wing and a bird wing are homologous What is the difference between a classification tree and a phylogenetic tree Phylogenetic trees are drawn based on evolutionary distance while classification trees are not Other uses of systematics Drug discovery Pest control Biological control of invasive species requires testing of native species that may also be affected Organization of vast amounts of information into usable form Diversity 3 Domains of life o Bacteria o Archaea o Eukarya Kingdoms o Protista Algae Protozoan s o Monreanas Bacteria o Fungi Mushroom Yeast Mold o Plants o Animals Domain Bacteria o Unicellular o Lacking chlorophyll nucleus and mitochondira o Multiply rapidly under favorable conditions o Reproduce through binary fission cells split in half o Bacterial can aggregate into colonies of millions or even billions of organisms o Circular chromosomes o Free living organism symbiotic and pathogenic o Movement Sometimes possess flagella Flagella move in a whip like motion Attached to the cell envelope o Bacilli rods spirilli spirals cocci spherical Expression of proteins Symbiotic organism Escherichia coli Model organism for research Unicellular Optimal growth temperature 37 C Domain Archaea o Unicellular o Lacking chlorophyll o Multiply rapidly under favorable conditions o Exploit a much greater variety of sources of energy than eukaryotes ex salt tolerant o Extreme environments o Free living few symbiotic relationships o Extremophiles most not all Live in extreme environments such as halobacterium which live in extremely salty environments Initially found in extremely high temperature environment but are now starting to be found in less extreme environments Could have easily been mistaken as a bacteria due to similarities in morphology Domain Eukaryota o Kingdom Protista Single celled eukaryotes Unicellular or colonial without specialized tissues Water habitats Classified as autotrophic plant like and heterotrophic animal like Heterotrophic and autotrophic nutrition Trypanosoma cruzi Polyphyletic group Animal like Protists Protozoans Heterotrophic o Pseudopodia extension of cell that helps with movement and feeding Amoeba pseudopodia wet mount Diseases associated with amoeba protists such as infections of large Foraminifera pseudopodia but with a shell of CaCO3 o Flagella strands that help in movement intestine Trypanosoma flagella and undulation of flatten body edge like a wing slides several species Causes sleeping sickness a disease that causes joint pains confusion and fluid in the lymph nodes leading to death Common in Africa o Cilia small strands that help in movement Ciliophora Paramecium cilia wet mount slides Plant like Protists Algae Autotrophic o Dinoflagellates two flagella one is equatorial wet mount Cause for biolumenescencein ocean and red tide o Diatoms very small cilia wet mount slide o Brown algae 2 lives species 3 preserved species dried seaweed from grocery This species are really multicellular however they are grouped in the protistaowing to their evolutionary history the same is true for the red algae o Red algae 3 live species 2 preserved species o Note that we have moved the Green Algae to the plant kingdom different from how you may have learned this Microscopy Dark Field Microscopy Used to view organisms that are living Highlights the outline of the organisms Especially good for transparent creatures Field stop blocks light from passing directly through sample and the sample is only illuminated Set up o Place field stop in filter holder below iris o Adjust the diaphragm so that the view appears black o Be sure that diaphragm is open o Condenser should be all the way to the left How is plant evolution different from animal evolution New species of plants arose every few hundred million years whereas a whole bunch of animal species cropped up all at once Plants follow a more gradualism approach to evolution than animals which follow a more punctuated equilibrium type model Major Trends in Plant Evolution Size Height o Over evolutionary time plants have gotten bigger Dependence on water o In general over evolutionary time plants have losttheir dependence on water Vascular Tissue Reproduction Over and networks to efficiently move water and food as they have evolutionary time plants have developed more complex vascular tissues gotten bigger Plants have gone from being predominantly gametophyte to predominantly sporophyte Life Cycle o Relative length of lifetime or size of the sporophyte versus gametophyte o Alternation of generations Part of life cycle spent as free living haploid gametophyte and other part of life cycle spent as free diploid sporophyte Plant Life Cycle o Spore versus gamete Sporophyte vs Gametophyte Gametes haploid cells that CANNOT make a multicellular organism without fusing with another gamete Spores haploid cells which CAN make free living plant without needing to associate with another spore Alteration of generations Choose the correct sequence in plant evolution 1 flowering plants 2 seedless vascular plants 3 naked seed vascular plant 4 non vascular plant 4 2 3 1