Nonvascular Ancestor to land plants Similarities with land plants o Pigments types o Chloroplast structure o Use of starch as polysaccharide storage o Life cycle alternation of generations Water required for fertilization mobile gametes swim No vascular tissue Variation in dominant life form sporophyte vs gametophyte Example Bryophyta Mosses Heptophtya Liverworts Vascular Seedless Water still required for fertilization mobile gametes swim Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue evolutionary adaptation to move substances esp water Example Lycophyta Club Mosses o Lycopodium Homospory male and female spore are identical o remaining groups exhibit heterospory male is smaller microspore female is larger megaspore Other examples Selaginella Sphenophyta Pterophyta Ferns Gymnosperms Naked Seeds growing environments Male gamete is pollen Mostly wind pollinated Angiosperms Covered Seeds Very dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue No longer need water for fertilization evolutionary adaptation to expand range of Seeds evolutionary adaptation to house protect and nourish immature sporophyte Examples Coniferophyta Ginkgophyta Cycadophyta Gnetophyta Very dominant sporophyte and greatly reduced gametophyte 2 3 cells for male 8 cells for female Vascular tissue No longer need water for fertilization Male gamete is pollen Mostly animal pollinated evolutionary adaptation to increase efficiency of fertilization Seeds Fruits evolutionary adaptation to increase seed dispersal Example Anthophyta Flowering Plants What distinguishes fungi from animals Mode of nutrition absorptive vs ingestive Fungi Domain Eukarya They have hyphae single filaments and mycelium masses of filaments Reproduction sexual and asexual o Spores dispersed by wind water or animals o Asexual fragmentation of hyphae o Reproduction methods are a major method of classification Largest organism that exists Important economically and commercially Fungi Life Cycle and Reproduction BE ABLE TO DRAW THIS Plasmogamy fusion of cytoplasms Heterokaryotic 2 nuclei in 1 cell Karyogamy fusion of the nuclei Fungi Mode of Nutrition Heterotrophic absorptive This is what makes fungi different from other multi cellular eukaryotes Secrete digestive enzymes outside of their body Types of Fungi o Saprobic decomposition of dead plants waste etc o Parasitic nutrients from cells of living hosts ringworm o Mutualistic mutually beneficial relationship mycorrhizae 1 Filamentous structures called group together to make the which is the main body of the fungus Hyphae Mycelium 2 During sexual reproduction fungi go through resulting in the formation of the which then undergoes plasmogamy heterokaryotic stage karyogamy Fungi Phyla Chytridomycota Aquatic group flagellated reproductive cells Parasitic or Saprobic Chytrid fungus called Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis responsible for a disease called Chytridiomycosis which resulted in a dramatic decrease in amphibian populations in many parts of the world Example Allomyces Fungi Phyla Zygomycota Terrestrial live on decaying matter or soil Some form mycchorizae with crops Hyphae are coenocytic Example Rhizopus black bread mold fuzzy stuff on strawberries Fungi Phyla Ascomycota Diverse unicellular yeasts powdery mildew complex cup sac fungi Common factor reproductive body ascus which produces ascospores sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction production of conidia Examples Peziza Sordaria Fungi Phyla Basidiomycota Largest and most conspicuous mushroom toadstool Obvious part is only small part of the body Dinstinguished because of basidiospores Mainly use sexual reproduction but can use asexual Examples store mushrooms Coprinus Unique Fungi Molds o Rapidly growing mostly asexual reproduction o Important in commercial production of antibiotics Yeasts o Liquid or moist habitats asexual budding o Fermentation o Can cause diseases in humans vaginal yeast infections and jock itch by Candida albicans Lichens o Mutualism between fungi usually ascomycetes and cyanobacteria or photosynthetic chlorophyta Mycorrhizae basidiomycetes o Mutualism between plants and fungi zygomycetes ascomycetes and Which fungi may be harmful to animals or plants Chytridomycetes Zygomycota Yeast What fungi engage in mutualistic associations Ascomycetes Zygomycota Lichens Micorrhizae What fungi have coenocytic hyphae Zygomycota Animals Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic multicellular Heterotrophic ingestive Grouped on basis of physical characteristics o Symmetry o Type of body cavity o Basic embryonic development of digestive tract Underlying structure of animal kingdom Increasing Complexity How is animal evolution different from plants Most animal species arose during the Cambrian Explosion whereas plants evolved more gradually without a major speciation spurt Animals followed more of a punctuated equilibrium model whereas plants followed a more gradualism model Trend Body Plan Symmetry Body plan has huge implications for other structures in organisms Asymmetry o Low complexity o Example Phylum Porifera sponges Radial Symmetry o More complex but still simple o Top and bottom designations but no front back or left right sides o Example Phylum Cnidaria jellyfish corals hydra anemones Bilateral Symmetry o Very complex with designated sides o Only move in one direction o Brain development o Example Phylum Platyhelminthes flatworms Trend Tissue Layers No tissue o Porifera sponges Two layers o Ectoderm and endoderm o NO MIDDLE LAYER mesoderm o Fluid in between the two layers called mesoglia non cellular gelatinous matrix o Cnidaria Three layers o Ectoderm endoderm mesoderm o Platyhelminthes and Humans Trend Openings to Digestive Tract One opening corresponds to 2 tissue layers o Jellyfish Cnidaria Two openings corresponds to 3 tissue layers o Platyhelminthes and Humans o Doughnut or tube within a tube o Mouth and anus Specialization of cells could be attained due to direction of flow Trend Body Cavity Trend is now thought to be less important Acoelomates o No body cavity o Digestion diffusion of nutrients o Example Flatworms Platyhelminthes Psudocoelomates o Cavity not completely surrounded by mesoderm o Digestive system endoderm not connected to Circulatory system mesoderm o Example Round worms Nematoda Coelomates o Cavity surrounded by mesoderm with blood vessels for nutrient transport o Example Segmented worms Annelida Be able to draw these general body cavity plans Trend Segmentation Repeating body units Earthworms People Vertebrates vertebral column Which of these are