Biology 1209 Final Exam Study Guide Evolution o Evolution o Natural Selection the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain genotypic characteristics that make them better adjusted to an environment tend to survive reproduce increase in number or frequency and therefore are able to transmit and perpetuate their essential genotypic qualities to succeeding generations o Difference Between Natural Selection and Induced Mutation Induced mutation creates genetic variation within a population Natural selection then favors the mutation that is best fit for the environment and gradually selects the trait over generations of time by passing on the trait or once mutation onto offspring o Pop G Simulation Ecology Pyramid o Ecosystem ecology Only level of biological organization that includes abiotic components Populati on Community Ecosystem o Ecosystem o Community specified time o Population specified time o Abiotic Factor etc o Biotic Factor o Carrying Capacity Community of plants and animals plus the abiotic factors in an area The study of the distribution and abundance of multiple species in a specified area at a The study of the distribution and abundance of a given species in a specified area at a A non living chemical or physical factor in the environment such as soil pH forest fire A factor created by a living thing or any living component within an environment in which the action of the organism affects the life of another organism for example a predator consuming its prey Largest number of individuals of a particular species that can survive over long periods of time in a given environment this level depends on the effect of the limiting factors o Density Dependence vs Density Independence A density independent factor is one where the effect of the factor on the size of the population is independent of and does NOT depend upon the original density or size of the population Ex a hurricane storm Severe weather A density dependent factor is one where the effect of the factor on the size of the population depends upon the original density or size of the population Ex Diseases o Difference between logistic and exponential growth models Logistic growth model K carrying capacity o The maximum biomass of a species a habitat can support for a prolonged period of time Growth dependent on population size density dependent Limited by abiotic and biotic factors o Often observed in natural populations Exponential growth model Birth and death rate are independent of population size density independent Assumes unlimited resources food shelter light etc o Nitrogen and phosphorus cycle Nitrogen Largest pool in atmosphere 75 o Not biologically useful Bacteria in soil converts N2 into a useable form for plants Phosphorus Essential nutrient for plants and animals as ions Largest pool in soil Rock needs to be weathered to release usable nutrients Systematics o Be able to draw a tree with provided species and traits o Homology Shared similarity due to common ancestry or the same structure phenotype under every variety of form and function Example o Anology Artificial similarity not based on common ancestry Example wings of a bird and butterfly Similar function different ancestry o Difference between phylogenetic and classification trees Phylogenetic tree Free rotation around the nodes Based on time Classification trees X axis time Diversity o 3 domains Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota o 6 Kingdoms Bacteria bacteria Archaea archaea introns Eukarya Protista Nucleus Eukarya plant Multicellular Eukarya Fungi heterotrophs Eukarya animal Intestine o Be able to correctly place a given specimen into a kingdom o Bacterial shapes Cocci spherical Bacilli rods Spirilli spirals o Where are archaea generally found o Thermophile o Halophile o Methanophiles o Protista Archaea that lives in high temperatures Example hot springs Archaea that lives in high salt concentrations Examples Great Salt Lake Dead Sea Archaea that lives in areas with no oxygen Examples oceans mud marshes Typically in extremely harsh environments intense cold heat pressure dehydration acidity and other chemical and physical extremes Eukaryotic unicellular filamentous and colonial organisms 3 types of locomotion Pseudopodia o No fixed body shape no shell of hard external coating o Phylum Rhizopoda Foraminifera Actinopoda Flagella Cilia o a slender threadlike structure especially a microscopic whiplike appendage o Phylum Zoomastigophora Dinoflagellates o Resemble eyelashes o Phylum Ciliophora Paramecia 3 modes of nutrition Heterotrophic o Ingest food by phagocytosis o Often called protozoa Autotrophic o Photosynthetic Absorption o Fungus like slime mold o Absorbs nutrients from decomposing organic matter Animal like protozoan Amoeba Foraminifera o pseudopodia Trypanosoma Ciliophora o Cilia Plant like algae Dinoflagellates o Autotrophic o Flagella Diatoms Brown algae Red algae Photosynthetic pigments Plants o Characteristics Multicellular Photosynthetic autotroph Cell walls made of cellulose Cuticle waxy waterproof coating Sexual reproductive life cycle Alternation of generations o Alternate between haploid and diploid Haploid n generation gametophyte Diploid 2n generation sporophyte Mitosis gametes Meiosis Spores o Non vascular plants Do not have vascular tissue Tissues no more than couple of cells thick Water and nutrients travel by osmosis and diffusion o Vacular plants Stems of more plants Made of tube like elongated cells which make the xylem and ploem not have vascular tissue o o Gymnosperms Coniferous cone bearing Means naked seed o Angiosperms Seeds not protected by fruit Flowering plants Produce seeds enclosed within a fruit Fruit is a ripened ovary of a flower Seeds are protected from the environment by specialized structures Phylum Specimen Dominant generation Non Vascular Chlorophyta Green algae Gametophyte Require Bryophyta Mosses Gametophyte Hepatophyta Liverworts Gametophyte Anthocerophyta Hornworts Gametophyte Lycophyta Club mosses Sporophyte water for reproduction Vascular and Seedless Sphenophyta Horsetails Sporophyte Pterophyta Hornworts ferns Sporophyte Coniferophyta Conifers cypress Sporophyte Gymnosperms Naked seeds Cycadophyta Cycads Ginkgophyta Ginkgo Vascular with seed Gnetophyta Gnetae Anthophyta Flowering plants Angiosperms Covered seeds Sporophyte Sporophyte