Biology 1209 Final Notes Spring 2015 EVOLUTION Evolution change in genetic frequency of a population over time Population all members of the same species in one location Hardy Weinberg p2 2pq q2 1 genotype frequencies p homozygous dominant AA q homozygous recessive aa 2pq heterozygous Aa Genetic Equilibrium 1 large population 100 000 or more 2 no gene flow 3 no mutations 4 random mating 5 no natural selection PopG computer modeling of a population can show evolution of a population without physical representation what does P A mean The percent of allele frequencies of the dominant allele fixation of an allele When only one allele is present other have died off Small Populations prone to genetic drift prone to gene fixation change in the gene pool genes entering or leaving the population only one allele is present in a population because others have died off ECOLOGY Ecology the study of how organisms interact with their environment Biotic Factors predators parasites mates and other organisms competitors Abiotic Factors water light nutrients temperature soil type etc Population Ecology study of a species population in a specific area and a specific time Community Ecology study of all organisms in a habitat Ecosystem community plus the abiotic factors Evolution or Equilibrium Predominant evolution equilibrium has been seen to be really hard to maintain because not able to satisfy all 5 conditions Accuracy vs Precision accuracy the closeness of the value to the true answer precision the closeness of the value to the other answers Null vs Alternative Hypothesis no change to the outcome makes a change to the outcome one will be rejected and the other will be accepted SYSTEMATICS AND DIVERSITY Classification groups organisms together based only on shared characteristics Systematics based on evolution of organism s characteristics Phylogeny taxonomic system based on evolutionary history Taxonomy used classification to name organisms binomial nomenclature Monophyletic includes a common ancestor and complete group Paraphyletic includes a common ancestor but no complete group Polyphyletic includes a complete group but no common ancestor Clade includes all organisms back to their common ancestors Homologous vs Analogous homologous has to do with the evolutionary line of structures arms in cat and humans analogy has to do with the function of the structures wing of a butterfly and fin of fish DIVERSITY Division Breakdown 1 Kingdom 2 Phylum 3 Class 4 Order 5 Family 6 Genus 7 Species 1 Bacteria 2 Archaea 3 Eukarya Three Domains Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria Bacteria and Archaea 1 Unicellular prokaryotes 2 Lack membrane bound organelles 3 No mitosis or meiosis 4 Reproduce by binary fission Domain Bacteria unicellular lack chlorophyll no introns 1 Cocci spherical 2 Bacilli rods 3 Spirilli spirals 1 Methanogens 2 Halophiles 3 Thermophiles 1 Bacteria 2 Archaea 3 Protista 4 Plantae Domain Eukarya introns membrane bound organelles 6 Kingdom Divisions Domain Archaea inhabit extreme environments of the earth no membrane bound organelles introns PROTISTA eukaryotic unicellular colonize heterotrophic autotrophic nutrition 5 Fungi 6 Animilia A Use Pseudopodia a Rhizopoda i heterotrophic ii amoeba i heterotrophic b Foraminifera c Actinopoda i heterotrophic ii radiozoa a Zoomastigophora i heterotrophic trypanosoma ii B Use Flagella C Use Cilia a Ciliophora i Heterotrophic ii paramecium D Autotrophic algae a Bacillariophyta i diatoms b Dinoflagella PLANTS autotrophic multicellular Nonvascular A Chlorophyta a Green algae b Chlamydomonas c Ulva B Bryophyta a mosses C Hepatophyta a liverworts D Anthocerophyta a Hornworts Seedless Vascular A Lycophyta a Club mosses b lycopodium B Sphenophyta a horsetails C Pterophyta a Ferns Vascular with Seeds Gymnosperms naked seeds A Coniferophyta a Conifers Juniper b c cypress B Cycadophyta a conifers C Ginkgophyta a gingko D Gnetophyta a gnetae E Anthophyta a Bamboo b Thistle c Holly d Apple trees Angiosperms flowering plants covered seeds Fungi heterotrophic absorption multicellular A Chytridiomycota flagellated spores aquatic a Allomyces i Sac fungi B Zygomycota zygospores a Rhizopus i Black mold on bread 1 Hyphae white filaments 2 Sporaniospores black brown colored tops C Ascomycota ascospores a Lichen autotrophic i Kingdom fungi is always present ii Kingdoms bacteria and plantae are potentially present b Sordaria c Peziza i Cup fungis a Mushrooms b Toadstools D Basidiomycota basidiospores end of stalks ANIMALS heterotrophic ingestion multicellular Body Plans 1 Asymmetry 2 Radial symmetry 3 Bilateral symmetry Body Cavity Tissue Type 1 Acoelomates none 2 Pseudocelomates somewhat 3 Coelomates yes 1 No true tissues 2 Two true tissues ectoderm and endoderm 3 Three true tissues ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm Digestive Openings 1 None 2 One 3 Two Segmentation repeated structures bilateral symmetry has segmentation Animal Phylum 1 Porifera a Aquatic filter feeders b Asymmetrical c no true tissues d no digestive opening i Sponges 2 Cnidarian a Two tissue layers ectoderm and endoderm b No body cavity acoelomate c One digestive opening d Radial symmetry i Coral jellyfish hydra 3 Platyhelminthes a No body cavity acoelomate b Three tissue layers ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm c Two digestive openings d Bilateral symmetry e Flat shape can be parasitic i planarian 4 Nematoda a Somewhat body cavity pseudocoelomate b Three tissue layers ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm c Bilateral symmetry d Two digestive openings e TRANSPARENT i Rhabditis ii Ascaris iii Heartworms 5 Annelida a Three tissue layers ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm b Body cavity coelomate c Bilateral symmetry d e Two digestive openings segmentation i earthworm PROTISTS Rhizopoda Amoeba Foraminifera Actinopoda Radiozoa Zoomastigophora Trypanosoma Ciliophora Paramecium Bacillariophyta Diatoms Dinoflagella PLANTS Nonvascular Chlorophyta chlamydomonas Bryophyta mosses Hepatophyta liverworts Anthocerophyta hornworts Seedless Vascular Lycophyta club mosses Sphenophyta horsetails Pterophyta Ferns Vascular with Seeds Coniferophyta cypress Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Anthophyta angiosperms