Phrenology Equipotentiality 1861 Brain stem Spinal cord Cerebellum Forebrain Hypothalamus Thalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Basal ganglia Corpus callosum Subcortical structures Proposed by Gall Spurzheim based on idea that brain operates through functional localization Idea that all parts of brain are used in brain power Karl Lashley built research on this Broca found strong evidence that certain regions perform specific fxns Houses basic programs of survival compromised of medulla oblongata pons midbrains reticular formation Coordination of reflexes carries sensory info to brain motor signals away from brain Essential for movement learning motor memory active in empathy The 2 hemispheres most noticeable feature is the cerebral cortex Structures below cerebral cortex include hypothalamus thalamus hippocampus amygdala basal ganglia Body fxns Sensory gateway except smell partially shuts off during sleep Memory grows larger w use Emotions associating neg pos Movement reward Bridge of axons between the 2 hemispheres larger in women Brain spinal cord Transmits conscious sensory signals Sympathetic parasympathetic regulates unconscious bodily fxns Normal resting state Fight or flight from arousal HUGE player in psych hormone messengers that influence thoughts behaviours bodily fxns under control of CNS Androgens testosterone for men estrogens estradiol progesterone for women Takes signal away from site to brain Brings the action signal into play Communicates locally within short distances Ratio of neg to pos ions is greater inside than out More neg ions in than out polarization creates the energy necessary to power the firing of a neuron Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Somatic autonomic systems Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division Endocrine system Endocrine system sex Sensory afferent neuron Motor efferent neuron Interneurons Resting membrane potential Polarized Action potential Excitatory signals Inhibitory signals Propagation All or none principle Neurotransmitters Reuptake Enzyme deactivation Autoreceptors Antagonist Agonist Acetylcholine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine GABA Glutamate Endorphin Substance P Dominant gene Recessive gene Genotype Phenotype Polygenic trait Chromosomes Genes Behavioural genetics Heritability Gene manipulation Plasticity Neural firing causes the release of neurotransmitters or other neurons Depolarize membrane increase likelihood of firing Hyperpolarize cell decrease likelihood of firing How depolarization travels along axon myelin sheath s insulation makes it faster Either fires or not depending on the frequency of receiving signals Chemicals released from presynaptic neuron to bind to postsynaptic neuron either excit or inhib Neurotransmitter reabsorbed intro presynaptic terminal butons Neurotransmitter destroyed Signal presynaptic neuron to stop firing neurotransmitters Inhibitory neurotransmitter Excitatory neurotransmitter Motor control learning memory sleeping dreaming Energy Arousal vigilance Emotional states impulsiveness dreaming Reward motivation voluntary motor control Action potential inhibition anxiety reduction intoxication Action potential enhancement learning memory Pain reduction reward Pain perception mood anxiety Expressed if present Expressed only if matched Genetic makeup Observable physical characteristics Trait influenced by many genes Made of double helix DNA 23 pairs Segments of DNA strands Study of genes effect on behaviour Statistic estimation of genetic portion of the observed variation in some specific trait refers to population not individuals To modify gene expression knockouts Brain s ability to change rewire interplay of genes environment affect it experience fine tunes neural connections