Heavy Metal o Origins original metal band MUH 2019 Exam 4 Study Guide Origins Grew from interactions between America and England Early English metal bands were Led Zeppelin Deep Purple Black Sabbath Black Sabbath was the original metal band Originated in Norway o Black Metal o Musical Roots Early Hip Hop Influenced by blues R B Rock n Roll Skiffle Rock o Socioeconomic context in the Bronx late 1970 s Famous Norwegian bands were Mayhem Gorgoroth Dimmu Borgir Hip Hop developed locally in the Bronx Lack of federal funding housing crisis urban decay made Bronx poorest part of NYC Gentrification the process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the middle class into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer people o Musical roots predecessors Roots of Hip Hop found in Disco Influenced by post civil rights era o 4 components of Hip Hop culture Graffiti breakdancing DJ MC rapper o Kool Herc Jamaican born migrated to NYC Introduced technique of mixing between two turntables to create smooth transitions between records Jamaican sound system Multiple DJ s or MC s making music o Back A Yard was a type of Jamaican party that used sound system Toasts Form of Jamaican poetic storytelling that Kool Herc used in many of his raps o In Africa based on Trickster character who defied authority B Beats Diverse array of musical sources o Used by Kool Herc in his music o Grandmaster Flash Innovator of several DJ techniques The Message Flash and Furious Five 1982 Significance of song o Established social realism trend in Hip Hop o Grim cinematic portrait of South Bronx with toast technique o Inspired entire generation of future rappers Overview of form o Cold electronic rhythm o Lyrics speed up and slow down alternating between humorous wordplay and images of desperation shows balance between toughness of city and realities of ghetto life o Second half of song much more grim outlines life and death of child born into poverty o Plays altercation between Flash and Furious Five and the police Innovative turntable techniques Punch phrasing break spinning back spin o Using headphones could pinpoint breaks and make smooth o Afrika Bambataa transitions Techno sound Planet Rock Founder of Zulu Nation Fought against crime and gang culture Influenced the development of global Hip Hop Influenced French rapper MC Solar o Sugar Hill Gang Harlem based Hip Hop group Rapper s Delight Made rapper a term for MC Commercial breakthrough for Hip Hop o Over 1 million copies sold in first year o Sparked series of commercial hit singles Hip Hop in the 1990s Gangsta Rap Ice Cube Dr Dre Eazy E Straight Outta Compton 1989 o N W A o Public enemy Formed in NYC Controversial album portraying LA gang life without moral distancing Chuck D leader MC Flavor Flav DJ Terminator X production team aka The Bomb Squad paramilitary bodyguards Overall political message of group Politically and technically advanced Pushed black nationalism and Afro centricity o Queen Latifah Most important popular female Hip Hop artist Provided alternative to often misogynistic lyrics of Hip Hop Huge commercial success o U N I T Y reached number 7 on R B charts got into Top 40 and won a Grammy for Best Solo Rap Performance o Gangsta Rap and Violence Gangsta Rap stylized images combining a survivalist outlook with a celebration of the gangster lifestyle providing a chronicle of dilemmas faced by urban communities Lyrics did not hold back created controversy Campaign to Stop the Violence 1989 Collaboration album between raps all stars in attempt to decrease violence in US cities Tricia Rose Research into Hip Hop and perception of violence o Violence is part of US culture o Incorrect to interpret rap lyrics as autobiographical Equating rappers to thugs and threat to society History of prejudice and racial assumptions lead to thos o Hip Hop reflects social realities that are neither directly true or completely fiction o Story like lyrics are related to combination of drastic changes in social life community and policies of neglect that destroyed neighborhood stability in black urban America To ignore the social realities of violence in urban society is to mistakenly blame the artists for causing the violence instead of communicating it o Hip Hop Outside the US DAM First Palestinian Hip Hop group o Born Here Message of song in reference to Israeli Palestinian conflict Similarities to video of The Message El General Hamada Ben Amor Rais Lebled President of the Country 2010 o Protests corruption of government Video opens with clip of President Ben Ali to signify the corruption o Helped fuel initial Paris Spring protests in Tunisia Arab Spring o Lead to brief arrest followed by stardom internationally o Song was broadcasted and lyrics were chanted in Egypt and elsewhere in Middle East during protests Supreme NTM Nique la Police Fuck the Police o Similarities and references to N W A s Fuck tha Police o Used in film La Hiane 1996 Remixed by DJ Cut Killer The Internet Era o Changes in the Music Industry Home Recording ADAT Alesis Digital Audio Tape allowed consumer to basically set up a home studio for a reasonable price Digital Media Distribution Music able to be distributed via the internet making it very easy to bootleg referred to as music piracy Digital Editing software Programs such as Pro Tools could run on personal computers giving producers even more control over sound o Audio processing plug in called Auto Tune used on Cher s number one hit Believe o Arguments against say that it makes it too easy to fix errors musically taking the singer s sonic identity and what makes them unique imperfection is part of human expression Portable Music Music could now be easily listened to on the go iPod Shuffle phenomenon o Consumers could now buy singles and individual songs as they pleased Damaged the Rock sales concept of having the consumer buy the entire album as a work o Record Industry s Response Targeted Baby Boomers Expensive box sets of older music Best of Fewer top selling acts Continued conservatism Search for new income streams 360 Degree handling of artist Media convergence Touring o Ticketmaster s monopoly o Music Piracy Development of MPEG digitally compressed file followed by MP3 downloadable file made illegal music piracy possible Napster server o Developed in 1999 allowed for file sharing from centralized o Sued by RIAA Recording Industry Association of America because users could download music for free o Televised debate between Lars Ulrich and
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