Final Exam Study GuideChapters 13-15Chapter 13:Sony Walkman: a personal tape playerBoombox: larger portable tape playersCD: first CD went on sale in 1983 and by 1988 they surpassed vinyl disksMTV: stood for music television, became the preferred way of launching a new act/song. Founded in 1981, MTV changed the way the industry operated, rapidly becoming the preferred method for launching a new act or promoting a superstar's latest release.Analog recording: Digital recording changed the sounds into 0s and 1s. The norm since theintroduction of recording in the nineteenth century. Transforms the energy of sound waves into physical imprints (as in pre-1925 acoustic recordings) or into electronic waveforms that closely follow (and can be used to reproduce) the shape of the sound waves themselves.Digital Recording: Samples the sound waves and breaks them down into a stream of numbers (0s and 1s). A device called an analog-to-digital converter does the conversion. To play back the music, the stream of numbers is converted back to an analog wave by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The analog wave produced by the DAC is amplified and fed to speakers to produce the sound.Synthesizers: Device that enables musicians to create or "synthesize" musical sounds. Began to appear on rock records during the early 1970s.Digital samplers: Capable of storing both prerecorded and synthesized soundsDigital sequencers: Devices that record musical data rather than musical sound and enable. Device that records musical data rather than musical sound and enables the creationof repeated sound sequences (loops), the manipulation of rhythmic grooves, and the transmission of recorded data from one program or device to another.Drum machines: Performers strike and activate “drum pads,” triggering the production of sampled sounds. Drum machines such as the Roland TR 808 and the Linn LM-1—almost ubiquitous on 1980s dance music and rap recordings—rely on "drum pads," which performers strike and activate, triggering the production of sampled sounds.Michael Jackson, Thriller: first short movie like music video, appealed to a very large audienceMoonwalk: In May 1983, Jackson appeared on the television special 25 Years of Motown and introduced his “moonwalk” dance while performing “Billie Jean” from Thriller.Bruce Springsteen, Born in the USA: Springsteen's music and personal image evoked the rebellious rock 'n' rollers of the 1950s and the socially conscious folk rockers of the 1960s. His songs reflected his working-class origins and sympathies.E Street Band: performed with Bruce SpringsteenPaul Simon, Graceland : controversial album, he recorded in South Africa. Got his start in the 1960s as a member of the famous folk rock duo Simon and Garfunkel. Graceland@(1986) was a global collaboration recorded in South Africa, England, and the United States. It is the album responsible, more than any other, for introducing a wide audience to the idea of world music.Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Joseph Shabalala: South African vocal group that collaborated with Paul Simon on his 1986 [email protected] 14:Hip-hop: mid 1980’s saw rap come into the main streamDef Jam: cofounded in 1984 by Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin, picked up where sugar hillrecords left off. Co-founded in 1984 by the hip-hop promoter Russell Simmons and the musician-producer Rick Rubin. (During the 1980s, Def Jam cross-promoted a new generation of artists, expanding and diversifying the national audience for hip-hop, and in 1986 became the first rap-oriented independent label to sign a distribution deal with one of the "Big Five" record companies, Columbia Records.)MTV Raps: in 1988 MTV launched the first show dedicated to hip-hopThe Source: largest selling music periodical, was dedicated to hip-hopGangsta rap: Chronicled the dilemmas faced by urban communities from a first-person, present-tense viewpoint. Variant of hip-hop music; its emergence was heralded nationwide by the release of the album@Straight Outta Compton@by N.W.A. (Niggaz with Attitude). It included artists such as Snoop Doggy Dogg, 2Pac Shakur, the Notorious B.I.G. and Hologram Tupac.Death Row Records: West coast record label for gangsta rappers.Bad Boy Records: East coast label for gangsta rappers.Techno: up-tempo repetitive, electric dance music. Developed in NY, Chicago and Detroit. Raves: parties where techno music was mainly played, included people using drugs like ecstasy. They’re pretty fun.House music: developed in Chicago, mainly instrumentals developed around the country and world. Also fun. (It was named after the Warehouse, a popular gay dance club in Chicago, it was a style of techno dance music. Many house recordings were purely instrumental, with elements of European synth-pop, Latin soul, reggae, rap, and jazz grafted over an insistent dance beat. By the mid-1980s, house music scenes had emerged in New York and London, and in the late 1980s, the genre made its first appearances on the pop charts, under the guise of artists such as M/A/R/R/S and Madonna.)Alternative music: an alternative to TV, radio, record stores etc. Used across a wide range of popular genres, including rock, rap, adult contemporary, dance, folk, and country music. It is used to describe music that challenges the status quo; anti-commercial, and anti-mainstream, it is thought by its supporters to be local as opposed to corporate, homemade as opposed to mass-produced, and genuine as opposed to artificial. The music industry's use of "alternative" is bound up with the need of the music business to identify and exploit new trends, styles, and audiences.Alternative Rock: In 1992, the commercial breakthrough for alternative rock was achievedby Nirvana, a band from the Pacific Northwest. It was a marketing category that emerged around 1990; it is most often used to describe bands like R.E.M., Sonic Youth, the Dead Kennedys, and Nirvana.Indie rock / underground rock: The most influential indie rock bands of the 1980s were R.E.M. (formed in 1980 in Athens, Georgia) and New York’s Sonic Youth (formed in New York City in 1981).Hardcore: extreme variation of punk, by bands in San Francisco; screaming lyrics or a wall of guitar chords. Extreme variation of punk, pioneered during the early 1980s by bands in San Francisco (the Dead Kennedys) and Los Angeles (the Germs, Black Flag, X, and the CircleJerks).Slam dancing, mosh pit: audience members pushed their way to the front of the stage,
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