PAD3003 FINAL EXAM REVIEW SESSIONS 9 13 Session 9 Performance and Evaluation in the Public Sector What is performance management What is productivity Performance management result driven decision making that attempts to link goal achievement with budgetary allocation The ultimate goal of all performance management efforts is greater productivity Productivity is the measurable relationship between results produced and resources required for production 4 indicators of performance management 1 Input indicators quantity of resources appropriated to a government organization service or program Example the number of labor hours work by employees and the number of vehicles used by the department 2 Output indicators work load indicators the amount of work done or the number of services provided by a government program Example Tons of garbage collected miles of roads cleaned number of customers served 3 Outcome indicators results and quality of the service provided Example Percentage of clean streets 4 Efficiency indicators ratio of service provided to the cost required to deliver that service Example Employee hours per ton of garbage Example Dollars spent for one mile of snow removal New Public Management o A practical management reform movement that began to develop in the late 70s and early 80s Based on two administrative theories Managerialism entrepreneur approach to the public sector that emphasizes management methods of the private sector Public Choice Economics public administration based on microeconomics theories that view the citizen as a consumer of govt goods and services Major Tenets 1 Productivity 2 Marketization 3 Service orientation 4 Decentralization 5 Policy 6 Accountability Critiques of New Public Management Inherent limitation in promoting democratic values such as fairness and equity because of its premise of considering private practices superior and sector practices NPM fails to improve government accountability because it focuses NPM is used for political rather than responding the administrative and customer satisfaction reform efforts Total Quality Management o A general movement or philosophy of management rather than specific set of management procedures developed in the 80s o Intended to improve processes and services on a continual basis with emphasis on customer focus o 4 Assumptions of TQM Customer Focus Continuous improvements Top management and commitment leadership Empowerment and teamwork o PSDA Cycle Plan Do Act Study By the early 1990s there was low public confidence in the government s ability to do its job efficiently effectively o Osborne and Gabler published a widely read book called Reinventing Government How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector Strongly influenced the Clinton administration efforts to reform the federal government Strategies for reinventing the government o National Performance Review Federal employees were not to blame for the problems in government but the structure and operations were to blame President s Management Agenda PMA stressed at top down market based approach with goals of o Strategic management of human capital o Competitive outsourcing and privatization o Financial performance o E government o Integration of performance evaluating with budgeting Since 2003 OMB has kept agency scorecard based on PMA results o Balanced Scorecard A management tool created by Norton and Kaplan Aligns performance measures in four categories Types of program evaluations 1 Needs assessment evaluate the needs 2 Assessment of program theory about the design 3 Assessment of the program process process rather than design or needs 4 Impact assessment 5 Program efficient assessment inefficiency implemented or not efficient Logic Model assessment of program theory A conceptual representation of a programs theory that includes information regarding a programs resources the services that it provides and the outcomes it hopes to produce Session 10 Collaborative Governance and Network Management in Democracy Intergovernmental relations American federal system Federalism Phases of intergovernmental relationships Three types of government 1 Unitary federal has more authority than the local governments 2 Confederation independent states in which central government handles only matters of common concern expressed by the member states European Union 3 Federal hybrid form between unitary and confederation the power is shared between national and local government a Advantages i Diversity and Experimentation in Policy ii Provide a more considered and viable policy outcome iii Consider different ethnic or cultural groups iv Encourages regional participation in governance Supremacy the constitutional doctrine of supremacy states that when laws passed by a lower level of government conflict with those at a higher level Lower level law if null and void Federalism constitutional division of governmental power between a central national govt and a set of regional units Types of Federalism Models Four Phases of Intergovernmental Relations 1 Dual Federalism layer cake 2 Cooperative federalism marble cake the government responsibilities are mixed together Categorical grants federal funds that are to be used for specific purposes clearly defined for how funds are used Designate particular categories of expenditure Formula grants a little administrative discretion Project grants a lot of administrative discretion 3 Creative or Regulated Federalism picket fence 4 New Federalism picket fence Devolution the process of transferring governmental authority from national governments to state and local governments Shared services sharing personnel sharing equipment sharing internal services sharing external services Examples fire police sanitation and public works parks and recreation Competitive federalism Deals with competition among units of government Examples citizens with children will move to cities that offer good public education Session 11 Public Administration and Social Equity Social Equity in the public sector EEO Equal Employment Opportunity Freedom from discrimination on the basis of sex color religion national origin disability and age Affirmative action moral and social obligation to amend historical wrongs and eliminate the present effects of past discrimination New Public Administration government should access social equity issues such as discrimination and unequal access to policymaking Democratic values Diversity management a
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