Thursday 9 11 14 Exam 1 Tuesday Sept 16 in class Tuesday Sept 16 Wednesday Sept 17 in the lab Computer lab UH5150F 9 Am to 7 Pm Do not start the exam after 5 45 60 Multiple Choice Questions Use the Dynamic Study Modules on MyPsychLab Jill Brown 1010 004 Some Questions will be from book Most are from the notes that she has covered Chapter 4 Sensation and perception on exam Sensation The detection of physical energy by our sense organs including our eyes skin nose and tongue Going from the outside in and cones Sense Receptors A specialized cell that interprets stimuli taste buds rod Transduction The process of converting external energy or substance into electrical activity within neurons Sensory Adaption Decline in activation after it is first deleted Psychophysics systems to detect a change can detect Absolute Threshold Lowest level of stimulation needed for the nervous Just Noticeable Difference JND The smallest change in intensity that we Signal Detection Theory Describes how we detect stimuli under different conditions Everyday Life was what you just heard an actual siren Did you hear it over all of the other noise of the traffic Input from Multiple sources Phosphenes Rubbing your eyes gives you a sensation of light even though your eyes are receiving no visual input McGurk Effect Our brain attempts to integrate visual and auditory information creating a smashed version of the two when they are inconsistent Synesthesia A rare condition where individuals can hear colors Attention ignoring or minimizing others Selective Attention The process of selecting one sensory channel and Inattentional Blindness Failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is fixed somewhere else Change Blindness A failure to detect obvious changes in one s environments vision The Visual System See figure in textbook The Retina Fovea Central part of the retina that is responsible for the sharpness of Rods and Cones rods are long and narrow and allow us to see basic shapes and forms Cones allow us to see color and require more light to function Optic Nerve Ganglion cells bundle their axons together and travel from the retina to the rest of the brain Color Perception Trichromatic Theory We base our color vision on three primary colors blue green and red We have three different types of cones each detecting a different wavelength of light Opponent Process Theory we perceive colors in three pairs red green blue yellow and black white Blindness Causes Clouding on the lens of the eye Cataracts or pressure damaging the optic nerve glaucoma are the most common Blindsight Some blind individuals have damage to the primary visual cortex but may still arrive in the visual association cortex Other blind individuals can us a crude form of echolocation Visual Agnosia deficient in perceiving objects including human faces Color Blindness Can t distinguish between certain colors The Auditory System See figure in book Properties of sound Pitch sound wave frequency measured in cycles per second hertz Hz Younger people are more sensitive to higher pitch than older adults Loudness Sound wave amplitude measured by the height of the sound wave dB See figure for dB chart Timbre Complexity of sound Sounds can have the same pitch but sound different Pitch Perception Frequency Theory The rate at which neurons fire the action potential reproduces the pitch One theory of low pitched tones o 100 Hz Volley Theory Sets of neurons fire at their highest rate to reach rates of up to 5 000 HZ second theory of low pitched tones Place theory a specific place along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch hisgh pitched tones 5 00 to 20 000 Hz Hearing Loss eardrum Causes genetics disease injury or exposure to loud noise Conductive Deafness Malfunctioning of the ear such as a failure of the Nerve Deafness damage in the auditory nerve Noise induced damage of hair cells often accompanied by tinnitus Smell and Taste Sense Receptors for smell and taste are located throughout the tongue Taste Buds receptors for the five tastes sweet sour salty bitter umami Olfactory Receptor Location where smells on the basis of the odor shape are identified Loss of smell and taste Causes Normal aging disease diabetes and high blood pressure Consequences can lead to an inability to smell spoiled food before eating it or a lack of appetite and subsequent nutrition gustatory The Body Sense Somatosensory System system we use for touch and pain Proprioception kinesthetic sense awareness of body position Vestibular Sense Sense of equilibrium or balance The Somatasensory System Touch information arrives at our brains more quickly than pain information Some touch and pain information activates local reflexes from the spine before sending messages to the brain Gate Control Model pain is blocked or gated from consciousness by neural mechanisms in the spinal cord Phantom Pain Pain or discomfort in an amputated limb Body Position and Balance Propioceptors Sense muscle stretch and force and tells the somatosensory and motor cortexes the position of our body Vistibular Sense Our sense of equilibrium and balance is attained by three fluid filled semi circular canals in the inner ear That information helps coordinate head and movements Ergonomics Human Engineering Human factors psychologists take what they know about sensation and perception and apply this knowledge to make our world easier to navigate Perception our brain interpretation of raw sensory input Processing Parallel Processing We attend to many sense modalities simultaneously Bottom Up Processing construct a whole stimulus from the parts Top Down Processing Beliefs and expectations shape how we interpret stimuli Facilitating Processing Perceptual Set set formed when expectations influence perceptions Perceptual Constancy We perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions shape size and color constancy Facilitating Processing Gestalt Proximity Continuity Symmetry Similarity Closure Our brain fills in things Figure Ground Perception Phi Phenomenon Illusory perception of movement such as lights flashing in an arrow pattern across a construction sign Monocular Depth Cues relative size texture gradient interposition linear perspective height in plane light and shadow motion parallax Binocular Depth Cues Binocular disparity binocular convergence Sound Localization 360 degree sound localization Subliminal Perception perception below the threshold of conscious awareness