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Biological Psychology Central Nervous System CNS o Neutral structures in the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System PNS o Neutral structures that go to or away from the CNS that are not in the brain or spinal cord o 2 divisions Autonomic division Innervates involuntary muscles Heart intestines glands and muscles in the walls of blood vessels Regulates internal environment of the body Along with the limbic system active in emotional regulation Has 3 divisions of it s own Somatic division Sensory nerves carry information to the CNS o Come from skin muscles bones and joints Motor nerves carry information from the CNS to voluntary muscles o Neurons innervate go to muscles and glands o Includes receptors such as the eyes and ears o 3 divisions of Autonomic 1 Sympathetic Active during fight or flight o Fight or flight response activates when a threat is perceived to enable the animal to run or fight o Stimulate adrenal gland to release hormones 80 epinephrine adrenaline 20 norepinephrine 2 Parasympathetic Active during rest and digestion Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions of the Autonomic nervous system often cause opposite effects on target organs When one system is active the other is not 3 Enteric Nervous system Regulates digestion and movement of food through the Controls the gastrointestinal tract pancreas and digestive system gallbladder Controls blood flow and secretions in the intestines Actions are modified by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems CNS o Brain and spinal cord o Separated into distinct systems based on location and function Paul Broca 1824 1880 French physician who worked with patients suffering from aphasia Aphasia a disturbance in the comprehension or expression of language caused by a dysfunction in the brain Discovered that patients who experienced difficulty expressing themselves all had damage to the same brain regain in the left hemisphere First real evidence for the localization of brain function o Aphasia o Broca s Aphasia Difficulty with speech production syntax Speech is laborious They know what they want to say but can t Few comprehension problems Exception Joe hit Fred vs Fred was hit by Joe o Wernicke s Aphasia Difficulty with word comprehension and meaning Fluent speech but the sentences often make no sense They don t know that anything is wrong Cerebrum o Also called forebrain o Front top most part of the brain o Highly developed in humans o Split into 2 cerebral hemispheres Right cerebral hemisphere Left cerebral hemisphere Connected by the Corpus Callosum Huge band of neural fibers o Cerebral cortex Outermost layer of the cerebrum Cortex comes from Latin word for bark Responsible for Analyzing and processing sensory information Higher brain functions reasoning and language 4 separate lobes Frontal lobe o Performs executive functions that coordinate other brain areas motor planning language and memory o Processes touch information integrates vision Parietal Lobe and touch Temporal lobe o Processes auditory information language and autobiographical memories Occipital lobe o Processes visual information The cortex of the human brain is twisted and folded in on itself This allows for a greater surface area Still fits inside of our skull Sulci singular sulcus The cracks that result from the folding of the cortical tissue Gyri singular gyrus The bumps that result from the folding of the cortical tissue Frontal lobe Primary motor cortex o Toward the back of the frontal lobe just in front of the central sulcus Central sulcus large sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe o Responsible for motor control o Each part of the primary motor cortex controls a specific part of the body o Areas that require finer motor control like the fingers and face have a greater cortical area o Implicated in thinking planning executive control decision making and language o Broca s Are left hemisphere only Implicated in the production of language and the formation of speech Damage results in Broca s Aphasia o Also contributes to mood personality and self Prefrontal cortex awareness o Phineas Gage Parietal lobe Upper middle section of the cerebral cortex Relays touch and visual information to the motor cortex Implicated in tracking objects locations shapes and orientations Also implicated in processing others actions and representing numbers Primary sensory cortex o Located just behind the central sulcus o Sensitive to touch temperature pressure and pain o Each part of the primary sensory cortex controls a receives signals from a specific part of the body Temporal lobe Located on the lower side of the cerebrum o Separated by the lateral fissure Primary auditory cortex o Prime site of hearing o Located along the top side of the temporal lobe Wernickes area left hem only o Also along top side of the temporal lobe o Extends slightly into parietal love o Language comprehension o o Occipital lobe Located at the back or cerebrum Primary visual cortex o Receives input o o o o Cortical hierarchies Sensory info is the first processed in the primary sensory cortex specific to that sense Info is then passed to the association cortex Simple info for complex tasks o Basal ganglia Distributed set of brain structures In cerebrum deep beyond cortex Involved in motor planning the course of action Implicated in parkinsons and touretts o Limbic system functions Diverse set of interconnected structures that support many Thalamus Emotion motivation memory smell Processes info about internal states o Blood pressure heart rate respiration perspiration emotions Gateway from the sense organs tot heir primary sensory cortex o Initial processing Involved with arousal sleep sates awake states o Relays arousal signals from several brain structures to the cortex Hypothalamus Below the thalamus Responsible for maintaining internal sates o Maintains internal body temp o Plays a role in motivation Thirst hungry sexual motivation o Plays a role in emotion o Arousal o Sleep By inhibiting arousal signals Amygdala Hippocampus Located deep within the temporal lobes Responsible for excitement arousal fear Located below the cortex o In temporal lobe for humans Crucial for memory formation o Damage here can result in inability to form new memories o Cerebellum Latin for little brain Part of the hindbrain Plays a role in sense of balance movement coordination learning motor skills Damage leads to several balance problems o The brain stem Housed in the cortex at back of


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UT PSY 1010 - Biological Psychology

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