Psych 2-19-14MemoryChapter 6: the structure and divisions of our memory.1) Memory Creationa) Codingi) A particular method for specifying informationii) The brain uses many different codesb) Duel codingi) We remember concrete words better than abstract words.c) Consolidations/reconsolidationi) Information that is pit into LTM does not guarantee permanent storage.d) Consolidationi) New memory in LTM is said to be in a dynamic formii) To be stored permanently it must be converted to a structural formiii) Takes place in the hippocampuse) Reconsolidationi) Memory must be stabilized for storage after recallii) During this process memories are susceptible to distortioniii) Does not occur with every retrieval2) Depth of Processinga) The number and complexity of the mental operations used when informationis processedi) Deeper processing and more complex operations leads to better recall b) Two-critical Factorsi) Attention(1) The level of attention given to information determines how well it is encoded.(2) You attention should be aligned with your reason for learning the materialii) Comparability(1) Knowing how information will be used effects how it is encoded3) Breadth of Processinga) Information is encoded better if it is organized into information that is already knowi) Frequently accomplished by making associationsb) Elaborative encoding i) Strategies that produce greater breadth of processingii) Imagine if you are trying to memorieze the following list of 10 numbersiii) 4195302694iv) 419(area code)-520(university of Toledo preflix) -23944) Divisions of LTMa) LTM is not simply one type of memory but manyb) Modality specific memory storesi) Retention of information related to a specific perceptual systemc) Semantic/episodici) Semantic memories(1) Wording meaning5) Explicit Memorya) Voluntarily retrieved from LTM and brought into STMi) Sometimes called declarative memoriesb) Characteristicsi) Voluntarily recalledii) Can be either semantic or episodiciii) Occur in any modalityiv) Cognitive learning(1) The cognitive equivalent of latent learning(2) Information is acquired. But not immediately usedv) Can be operated on the WM6) Implicit Memorya) Unconscious and cannot be voluntarily accessed in LTM and sent to STMi) Sometimes called nondeclarative memoriesb) Predispose an individual to process information or behave certain ways.c) Discovered through a patient named H.M.(Henry Molaison)i) Not voluntarily recalledii) Not semactic or episodiciii) Ocuer in any modality7) 5 types of implicit memorya) Classically conditioned responsesb) Noneassociavtive learningi) Memories associated to habituation/sensitizationc) Habitsi) A well-learned response carried out automatically when the appropriate stimuli is presentd) Skillsi) A set of habits that can be coordinated in a varity of waysii) Skills acquisition(1) Controlled processing(a) Paying attention to each step of a task(2) Automatic processing(a) Carrying out a sequence of steps without paying attentione) Priming of perception/behaviori) Having performed a task predisposes one to perform the same or associated task more easily in the futureii) Repetition priming(1) priming that makes the same information more easily accessed in the future8) Recall versus Recongnitiona) Recalli) Intentionally bringing up explicit information to awarenessb) Recognitioni) Successfully matching an encoded stimulus to information about that stimulus that was previously storedc) Recall cuesi) The trick to remembering is finding the correct pieces of information in the LTMii) Cues aid in retrieval(1) Stimuli, thoughts, or feeling that trigger remembering (2) Environmentiii) Mental state can serve as a cue(1) Information is more easily remembered if we are in the state when wetry to recall as when we learn it(a) State-dependent retrieval9) False Memoriesa) Memories of events or situation that did not occurb) We don’t acutally remember what happened in an eventi) We remember what was ecperiencedii) If we infer something happened, we are likely to remember it as occurringc) False memories can be implanted by other peoplei) Elizabth loftusii) 25% of people tested in this way experienced false memories(1) People refused to believe that their memoires were falsed) False memories depend on emotional statei) Highly emotional events are less likely to be implanted.ii) If we experienced an emotional events, we would likely have a vivid memory of it10)Forgetting a) Forgetting curvei) A representation of the rate oat which forgetting
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