Chapter 10: Personality- Personality – patterns of behavior, characteristics, thoughts, and feelings that persist over time. Distinguishes one person from another. Personality does not equal attitude; attitude changes, personality doesn’t. - Personality traitso Gordon Allport found 18,000 words in dictionary which describe how we behave. 2800 were ‘stable’ emotions. 200 remained after synonyms were removed.o Raymond Cattell used factor analysis and found 16 clusters 16 clusters were divided into smaller partso Hans Eysenck suggests only 2-3 core personality traitso Contemporary research settles with 5 basic dimensions Extraversion – warmth, assertiveness, gregariousness Agreeableness – trust, modesty, straight forwardness Conscientiousness – self-discipline, orderly, dependability Emotional stability – anxiety, impulsiveness, self-consciousness Openness to experience – fantasy, aesthetics, open mindednesso These basic dimensions are universal and cross cultural.o There is some genetic basis for personalityo Personality is stable over time, becoming fixed by the age of 30- Psychodynamic approacho Originated by Sigmund Freudo Emphasized the role of unconscious in influencing and determining our behavioro Psychoanalysis – form of therapy based on idea that behavior is driven by unconscious instinctso Freud suggested 3 components to personality ID – operates according to pleasure principle, immediate pleasure, present at birth- Pleasure principle based on sexual instincts. Psychic energy for sex is called libido- A child can develop a fixation on a certain pleasure or body parto Oral (0-1)o Anal (1-3)o Phallic (3-6)o Latency (6-12)o Genital (12+)- Carl Jung argued that the libido represented all forces, not just sexualo Developed distinction between personal unconscious and collective unconscious Ego – operates on reality principle, using logic and reason. Finds a safe and successful way to satisfy ID Superego – our moral watchdog, compares ego’s actions to ego idea which is an idealized version of how we wish we were o Alfred Adler disagreed with Freud about ID and superego. He believed main drive of human behavior was to overcome the inferiority complexo Karen Horney felt Freud overemphasized sex. Her focus was on reactions to anxiety. Three personality types which struggle with anxiety: Aggressive Submissive Detached o Most of Freud’s ideas have been discredited He was the first to ask the important questions- Role of unconscious- Way thoughts and feelings operate- Role of childhood- Personality development involves learning to deal with feelings- Humanist approacho Emphasizes joy in living and potential for changeo Carl Rogers – the goal of life is to be the best you can be, called actualizing tendency We must strive to recognize our potential People who realized potential are fully functioning people- Being brought up with unconditional positive regard helps us to realize our potential - Conditional positive regard can cause kids to lose sight of potentialo Critics say humanist approach is to optimistic and neglects the potential for evil- Cognitive approacho Personality is a combination of cognition, learning, and immediate environmento Albert Bandura – said we evaluate situations according to our internal experiences. Performance standards help shape our experiences. Those who meet their standards develop self-efficacyo Julian Rotter – Locus of control Internal – I control my fate External – environment controls my fate Expectancies become a part of our explanatory style which influences how we view the outcomes of our behavior o Cognitive/social approach places mental processes at the center of our personality- Personality assessmento Like measuring intelligence, it is quite hardo Validity and reliabilityo Needs to measure typical behavior, not just behavior in certain situationso There are 4 types of tests Personal interview – can be structured or unstructured Direct observation – subject won’t know they’re being observed Objective tests- Multiple choice- 16PF- NEO-PU-R – measures big 5- MMPI – true/false, lie scale, faking bad scale, faking good scale Projective tests- Respondents project unconscious thoughts onto ambiguous stimuluso Ink blot testso Thematic apperception test – 20 cards with ambiguous
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