Chapter 7: cognition *These notes are taken from Dr. Christmans’ power point lectures- Special topics in memory (continued from ch 6)o Childhood amnesia – adults inability to remember events from the first few years of life Causes- Brain – hippocampus and corpus callosum not fully mature- Lack of self-awareness and language skillso Eyewitness testimony 80,000 criminal case prosecutions are based solely on eyewitness testimony 25% of eyewitness convictions are wrong o Flashbulb memories – vivid memories of emotionally charged events. These may not always be accurateo Recovered memories – idea that people can repress and recover memories- Cognition – from latin ‘to know’ - Languageo Phonemes – speech soundso Morphemes – combinations of phonemeso Grammar – rules governing word ordero Semantics – assigning meaning to morphemes Surface structure – particular words and phrases Deep structure – underlying meaning of words Transformation – from speech to ideas ( speech comprehension) and from ideasto speech (speech production)- Images – mental representations of sensory experiences- Concepts – mental categories of classifying people things or eventso Best member is a prototype- Language – though and cultureo Linguistic determination – idea that specific language we speak determines how we think and perceive the world Language influences but does not determine our thoughtso Nonhuman thought and language Dolphins can be taught ‘more vs less’ and ‘same vs. different’ Monkeys can be taught the ability to arrange objects Chimps are capable of deception Animals do not have a language, as language requires meaningfulness, displacement, and productivity- Problem solvingo Problem representation – correctly interpreting the problemo Convergent vs. divergent thinking Divert – out of the box Convergent – all paths lead to one answero Obstacles Mental set – tendency to perceive and approach problems in a certain
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