EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 1 The SQ3R method why it is used Survey Question Read Recite Review The scientific method Observation hypothesis theorizing and replication The goals of psychology which solves practical problems Description describe area don t know anything about it Explanation come up with reasons or conditions Prediction Influence control manipulate to produce desired outcome Influence is applied and rest are basic Applied vs basic research Basic pure build up knowledge base Applied practical apply the knowledge to real life The father of psychology the method approach he used Wundt Structuralist o What minds and thoughts are made out of o Used in introspection Looking inward on an experience The schools of thought in psychology psychoanalytic evolutionary etc Behaviorism Psychoanalytic Humanism o Waston Pavlov Skinner o The science of behavior o Freud Jung o Different levels of consciousness o Rogers Maslow o Opposition to psychoanalytic approach o People are good and will develop to full potential in the right environment Cognitive o Gestalt o Mental process is active all the time o Information processing therapist Evolutionary o Darwin o Adapted to environmental pressures o Biological factors neurotransmitters o Social influence o Society you grew up in Biological Physiological Sociocultural Contemporary perspectives e g biological cognitive Behavioral Psychoanalytic Humanistic o How do we learn good and bad habits o Childhood make unconscious things in the future o Positive look o Capacity of growth o Mental processes use for everyday life or even problems o Natural selection for behaviors o Brain and nervous system o How does society values and beliefs change the way you think Cognitive Evolutionary Biological Sociocultural approach and act Specialties in psychology esp clincal psychology educational psychology Clinical School Forensic legal system Counseling Physiological Experimental Developmental Educational Social Suspension of judgment Willingness to change What critical thinking is Industrial organzational Independent thinking skepticism show me the proof don t just believe something o Rush to judgment not make decision until you have all the facts o Throw theory out when there is evidence to prove wrong facts What the heuristic value of a theory refers to A theory that has heuristic value stimulates debate among psychologists and motivated The research methods e g case study laboratory observation survey correlation experiment Naturalistic observation Laboratory observation Case Study o Natural but problems with wait and observer bias o More control but more expensive less like the real world o Great detail but problems with generalizability Focus on ones persons behavior Lot of detail Not cause and effect Survey Correlation method relationships between two variables o Sample represent a population o Random everyone has an equal chance of getting picked o Random assignment one group or the other o Non experimental cannot determine cause and effect o Coefficient indicates strength and direction of relationships o Good for topics that can t be manipulated o Independent manipulated TV o Dependent measure amount of tv watched o Compares treatment to control Experimental The advantages of the various methods esp naturalistic observation experiments Naturalistic o Normal environment but takes longer Definition of population sample Population people interested in studying Sample group from population being tested What a representative sample is A sample that mirrors the population of interest it includes important subgroups in the same proportions as they are found in that population What a correlation measures whether it can prove causation A numerical value that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables ranges from 1 00 perfect positive to 1 00 perfect negative What a correlation coefficient indicates positive negative 1 is positive 1 is negative The two kinds of variables found in every experiment Independent Dependent What random assignment means why it is used Everyone has an equal chance of being picked out of the population wanting to be sampled Experimenter bias A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher s preconvinced notions or expectations in some way influence participants behavior and or the researcher s interpretation of experimental results The rights of every research participant according to the APA s ethical guidelines Why researchers use deception what responsibility researchers have when a study is completed Keep the suffering to minimum APA guidelines for animal research CHAPTER 2 What EEG stands for what it measures Electroencephalogram Measures electrical activity in the brain How MRIs CT scans compare o Magnetic instead of x rays o More detail o Series of xrays that show damage tumor brain injury abnormal structure The three parts of a neuron their functions Cell body soma nucleus metabolism Dendrites gather information receiver of messages Axon out the axon sender of messages information carried out the MRI CT axon What purpose the myelin sheath serves Fatty coding that speeds up the transmission of the impulse Resting vs action potential how the electrical charge changes Resting o 70 milivolts Action o Fired Synaptic vesicles where neurotransmitters can be found What a neuron s refractory period is How the brain distinguishes weak from strong stimuli Excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitters Excitatory Inhibitory o Encouraging next neuron to fire o Prevent it not to fire What comprises the CNS vs the PNS CNS o Spinal Cord connect brain and PNS o Hindbrain link spinal cord and brain o Midbrain o Forebrain Psychological relay station Relay system Language thought PNS o Outside of the spine and skull o Autonomic breathing heart beat glands Sympathetic Parasympathetic Burning hand stomping foot voluntary o Somatic The autonomic nervous system sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system arousal Sympathetic o Fight or flight o Emergency Parasympathetic o Escape danger o Bring back to normal Old brain Limbic System o Four F s Feeding Fight Which part of the brain i e new brain old brain primitive central core mediates the four F s of survival Flight Mating Why reflexes occur so quickly The function of the hippocampus hypothalamus amygdala corpus callosum Hippocampus Hypothalamus o Involved in memory consolidation and cognitive maps o Small o Hunger thirst sexual endocrine system Amygdala o Emotion o