Study Guide for Exam 4 This guide will assist you in using the book material to prepare for the fourth exam. It does not include information from class that will be covered on the exam (although much of this material from the book overlaps with material from class). The class material will be very important to study as well, as anything we have covered during class could be on the exam. I recommend that you use this guide to help prioritize your studying, but do not do so to the exclusion of reading the chapters in their entirety. If you focus only on individual terms and pieces of information, you will miss the larger picture that comes with seeing how these terms are related to one another. You will probably need to read the text chapters very carefully a couple of times in order to absorb the information accurately. I encourage you to do this and to ask me questions about parts you find confusing. Important Terms and Concepts It would be good to be able to define these terms and understand how they are related to the topics we have been discussing in class. Do not just memorize the definitions word-for-word. If you do this, you will run into trouble when you need to apply these terms to new scenarios on the exam. Instead, you will learn best if you learn the meaning of these definitions--try to define them in your own words and then check the book's definition to see if you were accurate. Personality Id Superego Ego Psychosexual Stages Defense Mechanisms Denial Projection Rationalization Intellectualization Repression Self-Actualization Unconditional Positive Regard Personality Trait Big Five Stress Stressor Stress Response Acute Stressor Chronic Stressor General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm Phase Resistance Phase Exhaustion Phase Approach-Approach Conflict Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict Approach-Avoidance Conflict Hostility Problem-Focused Coping Emotion-Focused Coping Thought Suppression Substance Abuse Substance Dependence Social Support Psychological Disorder Hallucinations Delusions Diathesis-Stress Model Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Manic Episode Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder/Panic Attacks Agoraphobia Phobia Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsession Compulsion PTSD Schizophrenia Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Personality Disorder Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic therapy Free Association Dream Analysis Client-Centered Therapy Incongruence Behavior Therapy Systematic Desensitization Progressive Muscle Relaxation Exposure Stimulus Control Behavior Modification Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Distortions Cognitive Restructuring Psychopharmacology Electroconvulsive Therapy Individual Therapy Group Therapy Family Therapy Outcome ResearchChapter 8 Be familiar with the major parts of Freud’s theory. Be familiar with the characteristics and functions of the id, ego, and superego. If I were to give you a description of someone with an over-active id or an over-active superego, be sure you know how her/his personality and behaviors might be affected. What are the levels of consciousness identified by Freud? Which does he think comprises the bulk of our personality? What do defense mechanisms do? Be able to describe the various defense mechanisms described in Table 2 (especially those with also discussed in class). If I were to give you an example of someone’s behavior, you should be able to tell what defense mechanism they may be using. What are the psychosexual stages? The information in Table 1 will help you understand the stages. Be able to describe the key tasks associated with each. What are some criticisms of Freud’s theory? Some strengths? What do Freud’s followers tend to de-emphasize? How do humanistic views of personality tend to differ from Freud’s views? What was Carl Rogers’ (humanistic) view of personality? What is self-actualization? Why is our self-concept important? What does Rogers believe we need in order to develop into healthy adults? How does situation affect personality? What are the arguments of those who propose situationism? How is situationism related to interactionism? Be familiar with the Big Five/Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits (you should be able to describe the five factors (Table 8.3 should help you do this). How heritable do these factors seem to be (see Figure 8.5)? You should read the section of the text entitled, “Measuring Personality: Is Grumpy Really Grumpy” because it’s interesting, but for this exam I will NOT ask you questions about the material in this section. What is temperament? When is temperament determined? How stable does temperament appear to be? What are some specific aspects (dimensions) of temperament? For this exam I will NOT ask you about the Behavioral Activation and Inhibition Systems. For this exam, I will NOT ask you specific questions about Eysenck’s, Cloninger’s, or Zuckerman’s theories of personality. How might genes affect our personalities? In general, how heritable does personality seem to be? How do we know this? How might personality traits be learned? What are the effects of birth order on personality? How does culture affect personality? At the end of Chapter 8, all of the questions EXCEPT numbers 8, 9, and 11 are good examples of what you might encounter on the exam. Chapter 10 What is stress, and what contributes to stress? Understand the distinction between chronic and acute stressors. Be familiar with how perceived control, conflict, hassles, and hostility are all related to stress. What major types of conflict are there? What is the General Adaptation Syndrome model? Be sure you are familiar with this model’s three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion. Be able to describe what happens in each stage. You should be familiar with the general ideas from the section of the text entitled, “Stress, Disease, and Sleep,” but I will NOT ask you specific questions about how the immune system functions, different sleep stages, or circadian rhythms for this exam. I also will NOT ask you specific questions about dream interpretation. Be able to distinguish between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping. Be able to give examples of each. Is it helpful to suppress stressful thoughts? Why or why not? Be familiar with general ways in which aggression, self-esteem, and narcissism are related to stress. Be familiar with the general ways in which