EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 5 The three kinds of learning o Classical conditioning another o Operant conditioning o Observational learning modeling recovery o US Type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with Classical conditioning US UR CS CR extinction response generalization spontaneous Unconditioned stimulus dog food A stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior Unconditioned response salvation to food A response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning knowledge Conditioned stimulus bell or tone A neutral stimulus that after repeated paring with an unconditioned stimulus becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response Conditioned response salvation to bell The learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus Higher order condition Adding a conditioned stimulus Linked together to form a series of signals Extinction Stops responding Conditioned response is no longer present The weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus Generalization Spontaneous recovery Slight difference The tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus The reappearance of an extinguished response in a weaker form when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus Reappearance of learned response Watson Rayner s 1920 Little Albert the White Rat experiment o Classical conditioning o US sound o UR fear crying o CS rat o CR crying in fear of rat Rescorla s theory of classical conditioning o Said that the important factor is whether the conditioned stimulus provides information that enables the organism to reliably predict the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus Learned taste aversions as biological predisposition o The intense dislike and or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with nausea or discomfort Operant conditioning the Law of Effect o Operant o Law of effect The consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response Any action followed by reward repeated Punishment not repeated States that the consequence or effect of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weaken How negative reinforcement punishment differ o Negative reinforcement Taking away something bad they do not want Termination of an unpleasant condition after a response which increases the probability that the response will be repeated The removal of a pleasant stimulus of the application of an unpleasant stimulus thereby lowering the probability of a response o Punishment Primary vs secondary reinforcers o Primary learning o Secondary Water and food A reinforce that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on A reinforce that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers Money Schedules of reinforcement which is most resistant to extinction o Fixed interval Certain time Reinforce is given following the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed o Variable interval o Fixed ratio Reinforce is given after the first correct response that follows a varying time of nonreinfrocement based on average time A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct nonreinfroced response o Variable ratio A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after varying number of non reinforced responses based on an average ratio Positive vs negative punishment o Positive punishment o Negative punishment A decrease in behavior that results from an added consequences Saturday school A decrease in behavior that results from a removed consequence Taking away something good Insight in chimpanzees makes the solution apparent o The sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem situation which Latent learning how Tolman produced it o Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so o Hidden learning o Rats Reinforced on different schedule Always rewarded improvement Never rewarded no improvement Once rewarded better improvement than the always rewarded group o Demonstrates that learning does not depend on an award The modeling inhibitory disinhibitory effects o Modeling Learning new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses o Inhibitory suppressing a behavior because a model is punished for displaying behavior o Disinhibitory displaying a previously suppressed behavior because a model does so without receiving punishment CHAPTER 6 The three memory processes o Encoding Changing form The process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory o Storage o Retrieval The process of keeping and maintaining information in memory Holding information Consolidation The process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory Recovery from memory The three components of memory in Atkinson Shiffrin s model o Sensory memory The memory system that holds information form the senses for a period ranging from only a fraction of a second to about 2 seconds The component of the memory system that holds about seven from 5 9 items or less than 30 seconds without rehearsal also called working memory o Short Term Memory o Long Term Memory The memory subsystem that when we try to understand information remember it or use it to solve a problem or communicate with someone Chunking o A memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units which are easier to remember Maintenance elaborative rehearsal o Maintenance Repeating information over and over again until it is no longer needed may eventually lead to storage of information into long term memory A memory strategy that involves relating new information to something that is o Elaborative already known Displacement proactive vs retroactive interference Duration capacity of LTM STM sensory memory o Sensory Brief duration Visual Auditory 2 seconds o STM o LTM Ways to test memory lifetime 10 30 seconds without rehearsal Declarative episodic semantic vs nondeclarative memory o