Lecture 8 PSYCH 110Outline of previous Lecture I. REM A. No delta waves during REM B. Cycle occurs once every 90 minutes C. Age related changes: as you age, stages 3 and 4 of REM decrease D. Why do we need REM? - Consolidation of memory - Aid learning -Helps divert thinking (creativity) - Reduces stress - Helps with complex thoughts/ tasks - Organize connections within the brain E. REM only occurs in mammals and birds of prey. F. REM rebound= go into REM faster and dream more - Use of drugs, alcohol, and sleep deprivation can trigger REM reboundII. Developmental sleep changes A. Infants and young children sleep the longest and have the highest amount of REM. B. Children 6 years old through puberty have the most consistent sleep. C. Quality and quantity of sleep decreases with age.III. The effects of being deprived of sleep:A. MoodB. alertnessC. body temperatureD. immunityE. cognitive tasksIV. Sleeping disorders: A. Parasomnias: - Sleep walking - Nightmares - Sleep talking B. Dyssomnias: - Narcolepsy - sleep aprea- insomniaV. DreamingA. Your prefrontal cortex is inactive, emotional/ visual centers are activeB. Lucid dreaming: learning to control your hallucinationsVI. Dream meanings:A. Freud’s manifest content: surface/ visible content, images as recalled by the dreamer.B. Latent content: symbolic meaning behind dreamsVII. TheoriesA. Cognitive: thinking while asleepB. Activation: synthesis/ hypothesis (Hubson and McCarley), we are prewired to make sense of misc. information (provide a theme). C. Evolutionary: rehearse survival skillsVIII. Alternate forms of consciousnessA. Meditation: quieting the mind and body to benefit mood and cardiovascular healthB. Progressive muscle relaxation techniqueOutline Current Lecture I. Theories of hypnosis A. Sociocognitive= subject is fulfilling role B. neodissociation= monitoring is “silent observer” C. dissociated control= weakened control of executive function II. Psychoactive drug A. Affect mood and/ or consciousness; can be controlled (prescription) substance or illicit drug or OTC drug or herbal remedy B. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter involved III. Individual drug effectsA. Opiates manage painB. Depressants have calming effectC. Stimulants suppress hunger, mimic SNS arousalIV. Addiction A. Substance abuse: using to excess or indiscriminately (interferes with a person’s social functioning)V. Factors that increase risk of substance abuseA. Impulsivity (poor self-control and self- regulation)B. Mood (anxious/ neurotic/ angry/ helpless)C. HeredityD. StressVI. Factors that lower the risk of abusing drugsA. Parental supportB. Good coping skillsC. Academic/ social competenceD. Religious beliefsE. Cultural factorsVII. DependenceA. Physical dependence: body’s toleranceB. Psychological dependence: craving VIII. WithdrawalA. withdrawal effects are generally opposite of the “using” effectB. drugs hurt the processes (i.e., attention, memory, planning, control) that addicts need to break the pattern of addiction (withdrawal and relapse)IX. StimulantsA. Stimulants accelerate CNS activityB. Caffeine: alertness, clarity of thoughtC. Nicotine: alertness; highly addictive but a patch may helpD. Amphetamines: arousal, appetite suppression; at high doses confusion, fear, aggression, antisocial behaviorE. Cocaine: euphoria; very brief effect, intense aftereffects of depression, agitation and craving (most addictive drug)X. DepressantsA. Decrease CNS activityB. Alcohol: in high doses depressed brain activity (disinhibition)C. Barbiturates: drowsiness, confusion, easy to overdoseD. Minor tranquilizer: highly addictive, decrease anxiety; memory impairment and confusion to some people E. Narcotics (heroin and morphine): euphoria, withdrawal= physically sick to stomach; the Vietnam War studyXI. HallucinogensA. Euphoric, distort perceptions of time and spaceB. Marijuana: attention, reaction time, STM impairment; medicinal usesLSD: distortions of senses (especially vision), panic, can cause death, suicide, flashbacks (which appear without warning) C. Designer Drugs (STP, ecstasy/ MDMA): have hallucinogenic and stimulant effects; DXM hasled to fatal