PSYCH 110 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (August 19th )The professor handed out the syllabus and clarified what materials we would need for class. Lecture 2,( August 21st ) What is Psychology? By definition, psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental studies. The SQ3R Method includes: Survey, Question, Read, Recite & Review.What is the importance of the Scientific Method? The scientific method is the most objective way to acquire knowledge, and the scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, testing, theorizing, and replication. The Four Goals of Psychology are: Description, Explanation, Prediction, and Influence (Also known as “control”).The two types of research are basic (Pure) and applied (Practical) research. History of early psychology.Wundt- “The Father of Psychology”. Wundt opened the first psychology lab and wrote the first psychology journal.Structuralists- Wundt was a structuralist. Structuralists determine what the structure of the mind/ brain is. *Introspection*Functionalism - general psychological philosophy that considers mental life and behavior in terms of active adaption to the person’s environment. The Major Schools of Psychology are as follows and must be known for the exam: Behaviorism (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner)- Focuses only on how you act and what you doPsychoanalytic (Freud, Jung) Motivated by the unconscious- studying the mindHumanism (Rogers, Maslow)- believes people are good and develop to their full potential Cognitive (Gestalt)- Studies thought and learning. (Mind is like a computer)Evolutionary- How human survival behaviors have adapted to environmental pressures Biological/ physiological- Neuroscience included, studying the parts of the brain and their functionsSociocultural- Social influences and cultural influences on behaviorContemporary Perspectives include: Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Biological and Sociocultural. Lecture 3 (August 23rd )What are the Specialty Areas of Psychology? The specialty areas of psychology are: Clinical- diagnosing and treating psychological disorders, School- look at children’s learning problems and adjustment problems, Forensic- Apply psychology to legal system, Counseling- deals with individuals with less severe problems who need help adjusting or coping , Physiological- physiological process/ brain studies, Experimental- conduct experiments and do research, methodology , Developmental- how people change with age, Educational- study learning and teaching, Industrial/ Organizational- application of psychology principles to the work place, and Social- How people act in the presence of other people.How are Theories Evaluated?The theory needs to generate a testable hypothesis, they need to find solutions for problems, and they need Heuristic value.What does Critical Thinking Involve?It involves Independent thinking/ skepticism, Suspension of judgment, and a Willingness to change.Types of Descriptive Research Methods- must know for exam!Naturalistic Observation- more natural way of research, but problems occur with the time it takes to do the research and the possibility of observer bias. Laboratory Observation- more control over the experiment since it is taking place in a controlledlab, but very expensive and less like the real world. Case Study- a very in depth way of research with a lot of detail. There can be problems with generalizability. Case studies usually are done with people with very uncommon situations (Example: a case study involving people who are born allergic to the sun). Surveys- a questionnaire or interview about someone’s attitude, behavior, beliefs, or experiences. *SAMPLE SHOULD BE REPRESENTITIVE OF THE POPULATION*Lecture 4, (August 26th ) What is the Correlation Method? It is Non experimental, therefore cannot determine cause/ effect relationship. The coefficientindicates strength and direction of relationship between two variables. The correlation method is good for topics that cannot be manipulated. In the correlation method positive coefficients have a + in front of them and negative coefficients have a – in front of them. The range for correlation coefficient: -1 to +1. The advantage of the Correlation Method is that it can be used for impossible situations or unethical studies. The disadvantage of the correlation method is that it cannot determine the causation of the results or correlation. It could come from one of the variables, both, or a third party and cannot be determined just by the correlation method and graph itselfWhat is the Experimental MethodIt is when Individual variables are manipulated. The dependent variables are measured after the manipulated (independent) variable. It compares the treatment group to the controlled variable. What are limitations of experiments?Limitations include:Selection bias (from non- random selection)Placebo effect (what the participator expects) *Single- Blind procedure eliminates this (whichis when the person does not know if they are in the control or placebo group)*Experimenter bias (Clever Hans is a great example of this) Double- Blind: when neither the subject nor the experimenter knows the condition to which thesubject has been assigned.Quasi- Experiment: when random assignment is not possible.What is participant related violence?It is when subjects are not representative of population. In order to avoid this, you must be aware of subjects age, race, SES, and educational level.What are the subject’s rights?The rights are that: Experiments must be legal, subjects must have informed consent, you must protect basic human rights, the institution must approve any research done, there will be no coercion, subjects must be able to get the results of the experiment, debriefing must be available after the test, and for animals they must all have ethical treatment.Lecture 5, (August 30th)Two types of brain structures are the amygdala (involved with emotion and aggressive behavior)and the hippocampus (involved with memory consolidation and cognitive maps).II. Human brain:A. primitive central core= basic life- maintaining processes (medulla, pons, cerebellum, lowerbrainstem, and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus)B. “old brain” aka the limbic system= the four F’s of survival (amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus)C. “New brain” aka cerebrum= higher mental functions- cerebrum has two hemispheres (left and right)