EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 3 Sensation perception o Sensation Bringing information in through the senses The process through which the sense picks up visual auditory and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain Actively organizing and interpreting the information The process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory o Perception Weber s Law information o The law stating that the just noticeable difference for all the senses depends on a proportion or percentage of change in a stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of change Absolute threshold vs difference threshold JND o Absolute time Minimum detected o Difference The minimum amount of sensory information that can be detected 50 of the A measure of the smallest increase or decrease in a physical stimulus that is required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50 of the time Minimum difference The smallest change in sensation that a person is able to detect 50 of the time Parts of the eye iris pupil retina fovea Colored part of the eye that controls the pupil Low light means big pupil The layer of tissue that is located on the inner surface of the eyeball and contains the sensory receptors for vision Has the rods and cones Small opening that admits the light located in the iris Small area at center of the retina where vision is the sharpest The dimension of that light that refers to the specific color perceived The intensity of the light energy perceived as color based on the aptitude of light The three properties of light o Hue color o Brightness intensity wave o Saturation purity The purity of a color or the degree to which the light waves producing it are of the same wavelength Nearsightedness myopia v farsightedness hyperopia o Nearsighted myopia o JND o Iris o Retina o Pupil o Fovea Far items are blurred o Farsighted hyperopia Near items are blurred Rods cones what each is best for o Rods o Cones Low illumination levels More rods than cones Bright light color detail Optic disk optic chiasm o Optic disk o Optic chiasm The three properties of sound o Frequency Bling spot The point I each retina where there are no rods or cones because the cable of ganglion cells is extending through the retinal wall The number of cycles completed by a sound wave in one second determining the pitch of the sound expressed in the unit called hertiz o Amplitude o Timbre The measure of the loudness of a sound decibels The distinctive quality of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and loudness Olfaction o Sense of smell o Bottom up Bottom up processing vs top down processing Information processing in which individual components or bits of data are combined until a complete perception is formed o Top down Information processing in which previous experience and conceptual knowledge are applied to recognize the while of a perception and thus easily identify the simpler elements of that whole Perceptual set o An expectation of what will be perceived which can affect what actually is perceived Gestalt principles figure ground similarity closure o Figure ground o Similarity o Closure One object seems to stand out from the background Objects with similar characteristics Figures with missing parts are perceived as whole figures Binocular cues to depth perception o Depth cues that depend on both eyes working together Monocular cues to depth perception interposition texture gradient atmospheric perspective o Interposition When one object partly blocks your view of another you perceive the partially blocked object as being farther away o Texture gradient o Atmospheric Objects close to you appear to have sharply defined features and similar objects that are farther away appear progressively less well defined or fuzzier in texture Objects in the distance have a bluish tint and appear more blurred than objects Shape and size constancy close at hand o Size same size from distance o Shape perception of shape doesn t change Apparent motion the autokinetic effect and the phi phenomenon o Apparent o Atuokinetic Seems to be moving Light moves in dark o Phi Lights going on and off seem to be moving Ambiguous figures o Same sensation but different perspective Subliminal perception o The capacity to perceive and respond to stimuli that are presented below the threshold of awareness Synesthesia colored hearing or colored taste o The capacity for experiencing unusual sensations along with ordinary ones o Crossing of senses ESP clairvoyance precognition telepathy o Telepathy Mind reading Gaining awareness of other thoughts and feelings without using senses Knowledge of objects not in environment Gaining information about objects or events without using senses Knowledge before events happen Cell phone use or having other conversations while driving o Clairvoyance o Precognition o Cant multi task CHAPTER 9 How motivation is defined its components o All the processes that initiate direct and sustain behavior Activation Intensity Motive Starting to the goal Focused intensity toward goal Need or desire that compels you towards goal Primary drives vs social motives o Primary o Social States of tension or arousal that arise from a biological need and are learned Motives such as the needs for affiliation and achievement that are acquired through experiences and interactions with others Goal setting in work motivation o The conditions and processes responsible for the arousal direction magnitude and maintenance of efforts of workers on the job Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation o Intrinsic and of itself o Extrinsic The desire to behave in a certain way of because it is enjoyable or satisfying in The desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain some external reward or to avoid some external reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence The Yerkes Dodson law o The principle that performance on tasks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to o The need to accomplish something difficult and to preform at a high standard of Food water oxygen sleep elimination of body wastes Achieve and gain competence to gain respect and recognition from others The ventromedial hypothalamus VMH vs the lateral hypothalamus LH The part of the hypothalamus that acts as a satiety fullness center to inhibit The part of the hypothalamus that acts as a feeding center to incite eating the difficulty of the task Higher arousal for simpler tasks Lower arousal for complex tasks The need for achievement Henry Murray