Intergovernmental relations Chapter 6 Eras of Federalism o Dual federalism 1787 1930s Layer Cake Separate and distinct areas of authority between national state and local government National government focuses on national defense international relations and regulating interstate commerce State governments are responsible for overseeing education and infrastructure Local governments are responsible for public safety waste removal and emergency services o Cooperative federalism 1937 1950s Marble Cake Governmental responsibilities are at times swirled or mixed together no distinct layers of responsibility o Creative or regulated federalism 1965 1969 Picket Fence Close fiscal relationships among levels of gov t Uses grants in aid programs federal government provides grants to states which is filtered down to local governments or provided directly to them Grants create working relationships between different levels of government who share common policy concerns o New federalism 1970s present Picket fence Types of Grants o Categorical grants Federal funds that are to be used for specific purposes clearly defined for how funds are used popular under the Johnson administration s Great Society programs o Block grants Federal funds that can be used for just about any program Designed to give states and local governments more autonomy first used in the Nixon administration TANF is an example of a block grant whereby federal funds are provided to states who determine their own eligibility requirements and regulations 2 Local Shared Services Municipalities make agreements with other municipalities to share in the provision of some services to reduce costs and ease the tax burden on their citizens while doing away with duplicative services enhancing responsiveness o Types of shared services Sharing personnel Sharing equipment Sharing internal services Sharing external services o Examples Fire Police Sanitation and public works Bridge maintenance Parks and recreation Library services Technology o Three impediments to sharing local services Such efforts are sometimes opposed by unions civil service workers and tenured government workers Local residents may opposed such efforts if given Local community officials may fear losing control over insufficient information specific services areas Government Contracting and Privatization o Governments not only compete with each other but must compete with the private sector as well o Competition achieved by prudent privatization is the key to improving the productivity of public agencies and more broadly of public programs and public services Savas 1992 o Governments that have no competition will behave no differently than private monopolies leading to the inefficient supply of public goods and poor service quality Savas 1992 o Quasi independent organizations and corporations that have their own revenue sources and greater flexibility in raising the resource needed to accomplish specific tasks o It is assumed that these models are more efficient and business like organizations o Involved in energy transportation highway and port Public Authorities authority management Competitive Federalism Models o Deals with competition among units of government o Based on the Tiebout model that suggests citizens vote with their feet and move when possible to cities where certain services are provided or where a certain degree of service quality is provided E g citizens with children will move to cities that offer good public education while empty nesters will move to cities where school taxes are low o Services are contracted in to government rather than contracted out to the private sector if city departments lower costs relative to private sector contractors they can win back the provision of services Open competition model Public sector organizations can bid on public projects when private contractors are reluctant to bid Open competition within government only Intergovernmental competition for the provision of services that require greater accountability such as police air traffic control public education etc Performance and evaluation Chapter 7 8 1 Total Quality Management TQM Definition an enterprise lifestyle that emphasizes customer satisfaction excellent service and rapid adjustment to address ever changing customer needs o Intended to improve processes and services on a continual basis with emphasis on customer focus o Involves participatory management and decision making as well as labor management cooperation o Assumptions of TQM Customer focus The customer is paramount because the customer is the judge of quality Continuous improvement Continuous improvement includes 1 enhanced value to the customer through new and improved products and services 2 reduced errors defects and waste 3 improved responsiveness and 4 improved productivity and effectiveness in the use of all resources Top management commitment and leadership Long term commitment from upper management and strong leadership change organizational culture from a bureaucratic hierarchal structure to an innovative and supportive culture Empowerment and teamwork Performance improvement cannot occur because of one person s effort decision making authority must be given to lower level employees who can take ownership of their jobs and embrace more reasonability o Types of Teamwork Vertical teamwork occurs when upper management gives lower level employees the authority to make decisions that would meet customers demands Horizontal teamwork enables different divisions in the organization to deal with external demands Interorganizational teamwork includes establishing work teams of suppliers customers and other external groups o Organizational Problems and Solutions Problem and TQM solution 1 Problem Captive agencies o When an agency becomes overly dependent on the political support of an outside group Solution Interorganizational teamwork o Can assist in evening out unbalanced political participation by involving different constituent groups in the decision making process public administrators can use e government technology to better reach out to citizens Problem and TQM solution 2 Problem Bureaucratic expertise and information distortion o There can be information asymmetry between lower level bureaucrats who have specialized expertise and top management this leads to poor performance if negative information never reaches upper levels Solution vertical teamwork and empowerment o Build multiple
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