Public Admin Final Study Guide Intergovernmental Relations session 10 Bb folder 1 Eras of Federalism Analogies characteristics pg 200 202 209 4 Phases Dual Federalism 1787 1930s Cooperative Federalism 1937 1950s Creative Regulated Federalism 1965 1969 New Federalism 1970s Present i ii iii iv Types of federalism Layer Cake dual federalism pg 200 i Separate distinct areas of authority between national state and local government National govt national defense international relations regulating interstate commerce State govt overseeing education and infrastructure i e Building bridges and roads Local govt public safety waste removal emergency services ii Marble Cake cooperative federalism Assumes that there are a few hard and fast lines of distinction as to what constitutes national state and local responsibilities Government responsibilities are at times swirled mixed together no distinct layers of responsibility iii Picket Fence creative new federalism Close fiscal relationships among levels of governments Uses grants in aid programs federal government provides grants to states which is filtered down to local governments or provided directly to them Pickets vertical slats represent policy functional areas that tie together bureaucratic specialists throughout various levels of government see visual in textbook pg 201 1 Categorical federal funds that are to be used for specific purposes clearly defined for how funds are used strings attached and hoops to jump through popular under the Johnson administration s Great Society programs 2 Block Grants federal funds that can be used for just about any program designed to give states and local governments more autonomy freedom in determining how grant money will be spent first used in the Nixon administration 1969 1974 TANF is an example of a block grant whereby fed funds are provided to states who determine their own eligibility requirements and regulations welfare became more decentralized under TANF Types of Grants pg 201 202 Early court decisions related dual federalism 1st era supp reading It was during this era that two of the most important US Supreme Court cases were decided which established the framework for American federalism 1 Marbury v Madison 1803 gave court power of judicial review which enabled the Judiciary branch to constitutionally review the decisions of the other branches 2 McCulloch v Maryland 1819 granted implied powers to Congress to create a functional national government and pass laws that were not expressly provide in the Constitution 2 Local Shared Services municipalities make agreements with other municipalities to share in the provision of some services to reduce costs and ease the tax burden on their citizens while doing away with duplicative services enhancing responsiveness Types of Shared Services pg 203 207 Sharing personnel equipment and internal services external services Examples fire police library sanitation and public works 3 impediments to sharing local services slides 1 Sometimes opposed by unions civil service workers and tenured government workers 2 Local residents may opposed such efforts if given insufficient 3 Local community officials may fear losing control over specific information service areas Public Authorities pg 211 Quasi independent organizations and corporations that have their own revenue sources and greater flexibility in raising the resource needed to accomplish specific tasks It is assumed that these models are more efficient and business like organized Fewer constraints than regular government organizations which makes achieving private sector like efficiency easier Competitive Federalism Models pg 209 Deals with competition among units of govt Based on the Tiebout model that suggests citizens vote with their feet and move when possible to cities where certain provided or where a certain degree of service quality E g Citizens with kids will move to cities that offer while empty nesters will move to cities where services are is provided good education school taxes are low Government Contracting Privatization pg 210 Governments not only compete with each other but must compete with private sector as well Competition achieved by prudent privatization is the key to improving the productivity of public agencies and more broadly of public programs and public services Savas 1992 Governments that have no competition will behave no differently than private monopolies leading to the insufficient supply of public goods and poor service quality Savas 1992 Performance Evaluation Session 9 Bb folder 1 TQM its Assumptions pg 221 225 228 232 TQM Total Quality Management an enterprise lifestyle that emphasizes customer satisfaction excellent service and rapid adjustment to address ever changing customer needs W Edwards Demin 1986 is the father is TQM Intended to improve processes and services on a continual basis with emphasis on customer focus Involves participatory management and decision making as well as labor management cooperation Assumptions and authority ownership of Customer Focus the customer is paramount b c the customer is the judge of quality Continuous Improvement enhanced value to the customer through new and improved products and services reduced errors defects and waste improved responsiveness improved productivity effectiveness in the use of all resources Top Management Commitment and Leadership Long term commitment from upper management and strong leadership change organizational culture from a bureaucratic hierarchal structure to an innovative and supportive culture Empowerment and Teamwork Performance improvement cannot occur because of one person s effort decision making must be given to lower level employees who can take their jobs and embrace more reasonability Types of Teamwork i ii iii Vertical teamwork occurs when upper management gives lower level employees the authority to make decisions that would meet customers demands Horizontal teamwork enables different divisions in the organization to deal with external demands Interorganizational teamwork includes establishing work teams of suppliers customers and other external groups Organizational Problems and Solutions 1 Problem Captive agencies a When an agency becomes overly dependent on the political support of an outside group Solution Interorganizational teamwork b Can assist in evening out unbalanced political participation by involving different constituent groups in the decision making process public
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