These lists can be ideal for making flash cards Go through all of this information and pick out whatever you think is worth making a flash card for Put the non bold text on the blank side of the card and the bold text on the lined part of the card Make sure to give brief descriptions of each bolded term in the lists Some of the definitions are listed further below The terms and definitions could be studied using flash cards as well Emergent properties of water due to H bonding 1 cohesion and surface tension 3 ice vs water density 2 kinetic energy specific heat 4 solubility 1 Carbohydrates 2 lipids 3 polypeptides proteins 4 nucleic acids 1 triglycerides 2 phospholipids 3 steroids 2 starch 3 glycogen 1 primary 2 secondary 3 tertiary 4 quaternary 1 phosphate 2 pentose sugar 3 nitrogenous base Four macromolecules Three lipids Three polysaccharides 1 cellulose Four levels of polypeptide structure Three components of a nucleic acid Two types of nucleic acid Three cytoskeleton structures 1 microfilaments Three types of endocytosis 1 DNA double stranded info storage ACGT 2 RNA single stranded info transport ACGU 2 intermediate filaments 3 microtubules 1 phagocytosis 2 pinocytosis 3 receptor mediated endocytosis First two laws of thermodynamics Three types of plants in order of energy efficiency 1 C3 2 C4 Three stages of signal recognition 3 CAM 1 reception 2 transduction 3 response 1 Energy cannot be created or destroyed 2 the universe desires to have more entropy less order 2 cAMP secondary messengers 3 IP3 secondary messengers Three typical pathways of transduction 1 phosphorylation cascades Four phases in cell cycle 1 G1 2 S Three models of DNA replication 1 conservative 2 dispersive Four types of chromosomal alterations 1 duplication 2 inversion Three stages of transcription Three sites in the ribosome APE 1 Amino acid binding site 3 G2 4 M 3 semiconservative 3 translocation 4 deletion 1 initiation 2 elongation 3 termination Three modes of evolutionary selection regarding quantitative characters 1 directional 2 stabilizing 3 disruptive Special codons on mRNA START AUG STOP UAA UAG UGA 2 Polypeptide elongation site 3 Exit site one membrane no compartments Many membranes and compartments Prokaryotes Small nucleoid cell wall flagella Eukaryotes Bigger Nucleus Can have a cell wall or not Can have flagella or not Know this equation Respiration s reaction is moving to the left and Photosynthesis is written moving to the right E stands for energy which is either heat ATP or sunlight depending on the direction Mnemonics Seven properties of life GRRROAM Growth and Development Regulation Reproduction Response to the Environment Order Adaptation Metabolism Regarding reduction oxidation reactions redox reactions OIL RIG Oxidation Is Loss of electrons Reduction Is Gain of electrons Phases of Mitosis PPMAT Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cellular Respiration Stage Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Mitochondria Electron transport chain ETC chemiosmosis Location in cell Cytoplasm Inner mitochondrial membrane Involves oxidation reduction reactions and phosphorylation reactions Hydrogen ion gradient for chemiosmosis is held in the mitochondrial intermembrane space Energy output about 38 ATP per glucose molecule Photosynthesis Reaction name Light reactions Dark reactions or the Calvin Cycle Location Chloroplast ETC in thylakoid membranes Stroma Product of Calvin Cycle glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate G3P Energy cost of the Calvin cycle 6 ATP and 6 NADPH per G3P Steps of Calvin cycle 1 carbon fixation 2 reduction 3 and regeneration of starting material to restart cycle Mitosis P rophase P rometaphase M etaphase A naphase T elophase Mitotic spindle formation sister chromatid DNA condensation centrosomes at opposite poles of cell sister chromatids completely condensed nuclear envelope degradation sister chromatids line up on metaphase plate kinetochore microtubules push chromatids to the center centromeres break kinetochore microtubules pull as chromosomes move apart DNA uncondenses nuclear envelope reforms two daughter nuclei formed Meiosis I and II phases are a lot like Mitosis phases except in Meiosis I phases we see Prophase I synapsis occurs tetrads form crossing over of homologous chromosomes and recombination tetrads line up on metaphase plate homologous chromosomes are separated from each other sister chromatids remain attached Metaphase I Anaphase I 3 poly A tail Extra nucleotides added to 3 end during post transcriptional pre mRNA modification in Eukaryotes Length of the tail has influence on the lifetime of the mRNA Extra nucleotides added to 5 end during post transcriptional pre mRNA modification in Eukaryotes May be involved in the transportation of the modified mRNA out of the nucleus a substance which decreases the pH of a solution or likewise increases hydrogen ion concentration pH less than 7 energy needed for a reaction to take place requires energy input by the cell in the form of ATP Utilizes a carrier protein that is not bidirectional pumps from low to high conc the part of the enzyme where there is specificity for a substrate how frequent an allele is found in the genotypes of a population a physical manifestation of a trait in the form of DNA an allele is to a gene as a trait is to a character where two separate species arise from one species due to a geographical split a nonactive site of the enzyme observed in the plant life cycle where there is both a haploid and a diploid adult exon intron alternative splicing making variable proteins from same gene NH2 a basic functional group making simple molecules into more complex molecules structures of different organisms that may have same purpose but are not related evolutionarily condition where a zygote was formed with a gamete that had experienced nondisjunction Thus zygote has extra or missing chromosomes term used to describe the opposite orientations of the two strands of intertwined DNA water channel allows free diffusion or osmosis 5 methylguanosine cap acid Activation Energy active diffusion active site Allele frequency alleles Allopatric speciation allosteric site alteration of generations Alternative RNA processing amino anabolism Analogous structures aneuploidy antiparallel aquaporin asexual reproduction atomic weight ATP autophagy autosomes base essentially cloning but performed naturally Very little to no variation the mean relative atomic mass of an element listed on the