BIOL 240 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. HeterotrophsII. AutotrophsIII. Photosynthesisa. Photosynthesis as a redox reactionb. Two stages of Photosynthesisc. Photosynthetic Pigmentsi. Reaction-center complexIV. Leaf AnatomyV. Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and MitochondriaVI. Calvin Cycle vs. Citric Acid CycleVII. Calvin Cyclea. Three phasesVIII. Photorespiration IX. O2/CO2 CompetitionX. Alternative Mechanisms of Carbon Fixationa. C4 Plantb. CAM PlantOutline of Current Lecture I. Cellular Organization of the Genetic Materiala. Genomeb. Chromosomes II. Binary Fissiona. Prokaryotic (bacteria and archae) cell divisionb. Eukaryotic cell division and cell cyclei. The cell cycle consists of1. Mitotic phase2. Interphaseii. M phase1. Mitosisa. Prophaseb. Metaphasec. AnaphaseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Telophase2. Cytokinesisiii. Three types of microtubules1. Aster2. Kinetochore3. NonkinetochoreIII. Categories of cellsa. Lack ability to divideb. Can be induced to divide when stimulatedc. High level of divisionIV. Checkpoints of the Cell Cyclea. G1b. G2c. MV. Regulatory factorsa. Cdc2 kinaseVI. External Regulationa. Density-dependent inhibitionb. Anchorage dependenceVII. Genetic changes (cancer)Current LectureVIII. Cellular Organization of the Genetic Materiala. Genome: all DNA in cellb. Chromosomes: only DNA in nucleus (main DNA): Eukaryotes-linear Prokaryotes-circular IX. Binary Fissiona. Prokaryotic (bacteria and archae) cell divisioni. Duplicate chromosomeii. Cell elongates and chromosomes get pulled to the cell sidesiii. Cell begins to splitiv. Division into two daughter cellsb. Eukaryotic cell division and cell cyclei. Overview:1. Duplicate chromosome2. Sii. The cell cycle consists of1. Mitotic (M) phase (10%)2. Interphase (90%): diffuse, make ATP, etc.a. G1: massive growthb. S: DNA synthesisc. G2: prepares for M phase  forms centrosomes which contribute to M phaseiii. M phase1. Mitosis: dividing of chromosomesa. Prophase: spindle fibers form, chromosomes condenseb. Prometaphase: nucleus disappears, asters/centromeres move to end of cells, fibers attach to DNAc. Metaphase: microtubules line up chromosomes in the middled. Anaphase: chromosomes split, daughter chromatids move toward endse. Telophase: DNA is at each pole, microtubules disappear2. Cytokinesis: dividing of cella. Cleavage furrow, cell splitsiv. Three types of microtubules1. Aster: at poles2. Kinetochore: bind to DNA (top and bottom)3. Nonkinetochore: interact with each other, not DNAa. Get longer as kinetochores get shorterX. Categories of cellsa. Lack ability to dividei. Red blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cellsb. Can be induced to divide when stimulatedi. Liver cells, lymphocytesc. High level of divisioni. Sperm, stem cellsXI. Checkpoints of the Cell Cyclea. Growth factors: can bind to outside of cell to tell if they should dividei. G0b. Checkpointsi. G1 (most important)ii. G2: is cell ready to go?iii. M: are cells caught up?XII. Regulatory factorsa. Cdc2 kinase: tells when to move from one to the otheri. Proteins that bind to Cdc2 kinase to indicate what stage to be in1. G1 cyclins2. G2/M cyclinsXIII. External Regulationa. Growth factor: you should divideb. Density-dependent inhibition: stops over dividingc. Anchorage dependence: makes sure cells don’t move as they growd. Cancer cells do not respond to normal signalsXIV. Genetic changes (cancer)a. Genetic but not inherited diseaseb. Different cancers have different combinations of mutated genesc. Cell cycle, adhesion, apoptosis, DNA