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UofL BIOL 240 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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BIOL 240 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (January 8)Essential elements- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Sulfur - 96% of all living thingsAtomic mass- (number of protons) + (number of neutrons)Atomic number- Number of protonsProtons- Positive charge- Determine the identity of the element- Found in the nucleusNeutrons- Neutral charge- Determines isotopeo Same element, different mass- Found in the nucleusElectrons- Negative charge- Determines charge of atom and chemical behavior- Found in orbitals around the nucleusImportance of valence and valence shells - The further away the electrons are from the nucleus, the greater the energy of the electron- Chemical behavior of atom depends on:o Valence shell: outermost shell that contains electronso Valence electrons: electrons on the outermost shellCovalent - Two atoms share a pair of valence electronsIonic - So unequal in valence shell attraction that the electron is stripped away- Bond is formed due to opposite chargeElement- 92 in nature- Same element combined: moleculeCompound- Different elements combinedElectronegativity- Attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond- Polar: unequally pulling- Nonpolar: equal pullingLecture 2 (January 13)Water- Importance:o Living things contain 70-80%o Has polar covalent bonds: polar moleculeo Has hydrogen bondsHydrogen bonds- Allows water to have four properties:o Cohesion/Adhesion Cohesion: attraction to itself Adhesion: attraction to other substanceso Moderate temperatures Evaporative cooling: transformation of liquid to gas Water has high specific heat which allows lifeo Expansion upon freezing Hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered allowing ice to float on liquid watero Water as a versatile solvent Water is partially positive and partially negative allowing constant interaction Dissolves: non-ionic polar molecules, large polar molecules with ionic/polar molecules, and not nonpolar moleculesLecture 3 (January 15)pH (no calculations required)- PH scale: measurement of acidity and basicity- The product of H+ and OH- ions are constanto [H+] [OH-] = 10-14- pH of a solution is pH=-log[H+]- pH + pH = 14Buffers- The internal pH of most living cells must remain close to pH of 7- Buffer: combats H+ of OH- that would change the pH- Human blood: carbonic acid is a buffer in human bloodLecture 4 (January 20)Organic- Made by a living thingInorganic- Anything not made by a living thing (metal)Monomer/polymer- Polymers: made of many monomerso Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins- Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer by adding water- Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer by taking away water4 macromolecules- Carbohydrateso Monosaccharide: one sugaro Disaccharide: two sugarso Polysaccharide: many sugars Storage- Starch- Glycogen- Cellulose- Lipidso Do not form true polymerso Little to no affinity for watero Hydrophilic hydrocarbonso Phospholipid bilayers Hydrophobic tails Hydrophilic headsLecture 5 (January 22)- Proteinso 50% of dry mass of most cellso Does the most in the cello Functions Provides support, growth, movement, transports substances, and helps chemical reactionso Monomer: amino acid R-groups: change from one amino acid to another: convey differentproperties to the amino acids Nonpolar side chains: hydrophobic Polar side chains: hydrophilic Electrically charged side chains: hydrophilico Four levels of protein structure: Primary: string of amino acids Secondary: Backbones bind to each other by hydrogen bonds Tertiary: Side chains interact (can be the last step_ Quaternary: Several polypeptides together- Nucleic acidso Two types: RNA DNADNA vs RNA bases- Pyrimidine:o Cytosine (C)o Thymine (T in DNA)o Uracil (U in RNA)- Purineso Adenine (A)o Guanine (G)Prokaryote vs Eukaryote- Prokaryoteo Domain of bacteria and archaeao Characterized by having: No nucleus Nucleoid No membrane bound organelles- Eukaryoteo Domain of protists, fungi, animals, and plantso Characterized by having Nucleus Membrane bound organelles  Generally much larger than prokaryotes Lecture 6 (January 27)Evolution of the Eukaryote- Enveloped by a double membrane- Contain bacterial size ribosomes and circular DNA molecules- Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cellsER- Produces an enormous variety of molecules- Connected to the nuclear envelope- Composed of rough and smooth ERGolgi- Move through vesicles- Lipids and proteins move through GolgiLysosome- Synthesize/break down lipids- pH of 4- Gets rid of unwanted organellesVacuole- Storage for water, food, and chemicals (to remove unwanted pests)Endomembrane system- Interconnects: nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Plasma membraneChloroplast- Light energy to food energyMitochondria- Food energy to chemical energyCell walls- Extracellular structure found in plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists- Provides protection, support, and prevents excessive water uptakeAntibiotics- Superbugs- Antibiotic resistance is going


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