BIOL 240 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture Water and CarbonI. Importance of watera. Four properties of waterII. Water lovers/hatersa. Hydrophilicb. HydrophobicAcids and BasesI. General process of acids and basesII. Strong acids and basesa. What determines if it’s strongIII. Weak acids and basesa. What determines if it’s weakIV. The pH scalea. How to calculate pHV. Buffersa. Human bloodOutline of Current Lecture Carbon Compounds and LifeI. Life with carbona. Organic compoundb. Inorganic compoundII. Molecules with carbona. Most common pairingsb. HydrocarbonMacromoleculesI. Polymersa. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acidsb. Dehydration reactionc. HydrolysisII. The diversity of polymersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. MacromoleculesIII. Carbohydratesa. Monosaccharideb. Polysaccharidei. Disaccharide1. Glycosidic linkageii. Storage polysaccharide1. Glucose polymers:iii. Insoluble fibers1. Alpha linkages vs. beta linkagesIV. Lipidsa. Fatsb. Phospholipidsc. SteroidsCurrent LectureCarbon Compounds and LifeI. Life with carbona. Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon based compoundsi. Organic compound: made by a living thing (DNA)ii. Inorganic compound: everything else (metals)II. Molecules with carbona. Carbon can form four chemical bonds (has 4 valence electrons)i. Makes large, complex molecules possibleb. Most common pairings: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbonc. Hydrocarbon: organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogeni. Can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy (gasoline)Macromolecules: critically important molecules of all living thingsI. Polymers: made up of many units (monomers)d. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acidse. Cells make and break down polymers by the same processi. Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer (taking away water) (ex. making RNA/DNA)ii. Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer (adding water) (ex. digestion)V. The diversity of polymersa. Each cell has thousands of different macromoleculesb. Small set of monomers contributes to an immense variety of polymersi. Imagine the alphabet and the words the alphabet can createc. Variation among cells, within a species, between speciesVI. Carbohydratesa. Sugars and the polymers of sugarsb. Monosaccharide: one sugari. Multiples of CH2Oii. Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharidec. Polysaccharide: many sugarsi. Disaccharide: two monosaccharaides (glucose + fructose = sucrose)1. Glycosidic linkage: bond between two monosaccharaidesii. Storage polysaccharide1. Polymers of sugars have storage and structural roles2. Glucose polymers:a. Starch is a storage polysaccharide of plants (linkage of alpha glucose monomers)b. Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animalsi. Stored mainly in liver and muscle cellsc. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plants (linkage of beta glucose monomers)i. Tough wall of plant cellsiii. Insoluble fibers1. Cellulose in human food passes through as insoluble fibera. Alpha linkages vs. beta linkagesi. Beta linkages cannot break down celluloseb. Requires different enzymes2. Cows and termites have symbiotic relationshipsa. Things live inside of cows and termites which break down celluloseVII. Lipidsa. Do not form true polymers (still has dehydration reaction)b. Unifying feature of lipids is little to no affinity for wateri. Hydrophobic hydrocarbonsii. Fats separate in waterc. The most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroidsi. Fats1. Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids2. One of three dehydration reactionsa. Ex. Triacylglycerol or triglyceride 3. Fatty acidsa. Vary in length and double bondsb. Saturated fatty acids: solid at room temperature; no double bondsc. Unsaturated fatty acids: liquid at room temperature; double bonds exist4. Main function of fat is energy storage5. Fat is a compact way for animals to carry their energy storage withthem (plants don’t move)ii. Phospholipids1. Two fatty acids + Phosphate group + Glycerol2. Phospholipid bilayera. Consists of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tailsb. The tails touch in a mirror image creating a hydrophilic head barrier that forms the cell membrane protecting the tails from wateriii. Steroids1. Steroids are carbon skeletons consisting of four fused rings2. Cholesterol is found in animal cell membranes and is the source ofsteroid hormonesa. Atherosclerosis: forms plaque in the blood vessels causing blocked arteries resulting in heart attacks and