BIOL 240 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture The World of CellsI. Robert Hooke (1665)II. Cell Theory (1830s)III. Cell SizesIV. Light Microscopea. Magnificationb. Contrastc. ResolutionV. Electron Microscopea. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)b. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)VI. Prokaryotes defined asVII. Eukaryotes defined asVIII. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotesa. Basic features of all cellsi. Plasma membraneii. Cytosoliii. Chromosomesiv. Ribosomesb. Eukaryotei. NucleusOutline of Current Lecture Parts of the CellI. The Endoplasmic Reticuluma. Rough ERb. Smooth ERII. The Golgi ApparatusIII. LysosomesIV. VacuolesV. Endomembrane SystemVI. Chloroplasts and Mitochondriaa. Two cellular power stations:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Chloroplastsii. Mitochondriab. ChloroplastsVII. Evolutionary Origins of EukaryotesVIII. The Cytoskeletona. RolesIX. Cell Junctions in Animal CellsX. Cell Walls of PlantsXI. AntibioticsCurrent LectureParts of the CellI. The Endoplasmic Reticuluma. Functionsi. Produces an enormous variety of moleculesii. Is connected to the nuclear envelopeiii. Is composed of smooth and rough ER1. Rough ERa. Has bound ribosomesb. Makes glycoproteins: protein with carbohydratesc. Where secreted, organelle proteins are maded. Membrane forms to Golgi Apparatus2. Smooth ERa. Synthesizes lipidsb. Stores calciumc. Detoxifies drugs and proteinsII. The Golgi Apparatusa. Move through vesiclesb. Lipids and proteins move through GolgiIII. Lysosomesa. Sac of hydrolytic enzymesb. Acidic environment: pH of 4i. Cell protects from lysosomes by neutralizing pHc. Break down lipidsd. Phagocytosis in immune celli. Use lysosomes to get rid of foreign moleculesIV. Vacuolesa. Central vacuole in plants: storage of food (organic molecules)i. Up to 90% volume of plant1. Organic molecules2. Poisons (marijuana/cyanide): protect itself3. WaterV. Endomembrane Systema. Interconnectsi. Nuclear envelopeii. ERiii. Golgi Apparatusiv. Lysosomesv. Vacuolesvi. Plasma membraneVI. Chloroplasts and Mitochondriaa. Cells require a continuous energy supply to perform the work of lifeb. Two cellular power stations:i. Chloroplasts: light energy to food energyii. Mitochondria: food energy to chemical energyc. Light energy  Photosynthesis  Food energy  Cellular respiration  ATPd. Chloroplastsi. Double Membraneii. ThylakoidVII. Evolutionary Origins of Eukaryotesa. Enveloped by a double membraneb. Contain bacterial size ribosomes and circular DNA moleculesc. Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cellsVIII. The Cytoskeletona. Important for cell division, structure, and movementb. Network of fibersc. Rolesi. Support, maintenance of shapeii. Mobility via motor proteinsd. Microtubulese. Microfilamentsf. Intermediate filamentsIX. Cell Junctions in Animal Cellsa. Neighboring cells communicatei. Tight junctions (watertight)ii. Desmosomes (fastener)iii. Gap junctions (communication)X. Cell Walls of Plantsa. Extracellular structure found in plants, prokaryotes, fungi, some protistsb. Protection, support, prevents excessive water uptakec. Cellulose, polysaccharides, proteinXI. Antibioticsa. Superbugsb. Antibiotic resistance is going upc.