BIOL 240 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture Continuation of MacromoleculesI. Proteinsa. Functionsb. Monomer of proteins: amino acidsc. Polymer of amino acids (protein) can also be called a polypeptided. Protein structure and functioni. A functional proteinii. Four levels of protein structureiii. What determines protein structure?II. Nucleic Acidsa. Two types of nucleic acidsb. Polymer: DNA/RNAc. Monomer: nucleotidesIII. DNA in EvolutionOutline of Current Lecture The World of CellsI. Robert Hooke (1665)II. Cell Theory (1830s)III. Cell SizesIV. Light Microscopea. Magnificationb. Contrastc. ResolutionV. Electron Microscopea. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)b. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)VI. Prokaryotes defined asVII. Eukaryotes defined asVIII. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotesa. Basic features of all cellsi. Plasma membraneii. Cytosoliii. ChromosomesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iv. Ribosomesb. Eukaryotei. NucleusCurrent LectureThe World of CellsI. Robert Hooke (1665)a. Invented the microscopeb. Very curious about corksi. Used a curved piece of glass and examined the cork and saw rectangles that looked like cells found in monasteriesII. Cell Theory (1830s)a. All living things are composed of cellsb. All cells come from other cellsIII. Cell Sizesa. Muscle/nerve cells > most plant and animal cells > parts of cellIV. Light Microscopea. Light passes through the specimenb. Lenses magnify the imagec. Magnification: how large the specimen appears through the lensd. Contrast: the ability to see the specimen through the use of dye/staine. Resolution: ability to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one anotheri. Increased magnification does not always increase the resolutionV. Electron Microscope: resolution is better than a light microscopea. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): magnification is the same as the light microscopei. Through a specimenb. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)i. Surface of a specimenVI. Prokaryotesa. Domain: bacteria and archaeab. First seen 3.5 billion years agoc. Characterized by having:i. No nucleusii. Nucleoidiii. No membrane-bound organellesVII. Eukaryotesa. Protists, fungi, animals and plantsb. First seen 2 billion years agoc. Characterized by having:i. DNA in a nucleusii. Membrane-bound organellesd. Generally much larger than prokaryotesVIII. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotesa. Basic features of all cellsi. Plasma membrane: holds cell together1. Phospholipid bilayera. Full of proteins: transporting substances2. Selectively permeable3. Glycoproteins: have carbs on them4. Channels: allows travel across membrane5. Enzymes6. Size constraintsa. Surface area of plasma membrane has to be large enough to transport foodii. Cytosol: “base” of the celliii. Chromosomes: DNA/genetic material1. Each chromosome is one long DNA molecule associated with histone proteinsa. DNA and proteins = chromatin2. Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide3. The nucleolusiv. Ribosomes: taking RNA and making it into protein1. Protein synthesisa. rRNA (60%) + protein (40%)2. Made either on the cytosol or the rough ER3. Large subunit and small subunitb. Eukaryotei. Nucleus1. Contains most of the cell’s DNA/genes2. Most conspicuous organelle3. Nuclear envelope: double