11 5 15 4 37 PM Psych 210 Chapter 6 Pragmatics practical Initiation v guilt make things happen Self understanding Appropriate use of language in different contexts Children use perceptual motor cognitive and language skills to Involves self recognitions Physical and material attributes physical activities central components Unrealistically positive self descriptions Start perceiving other in terms of psychological traits Gain understanding that people don t always give accurate reports Understanding other of beliefs Expressing emotions Self conscious emotions pride and guilt become more common Influenced by parents responses to children s behavior Understanding emotions Increase in number of terms used to describe emotions Increased ability to reflect on emotions o Being to understand same event can produce different feeling o By age 5 most children show growing awareness in need to in different people manage emotions Regulating emotions Growth of emotional regulation central to social competence Parents play an important role in helping children regulate emotions o Emotion coaching o Emotion dismissing big girls don t cry Moral reasoning page 166 Heteronomous morality looks at the consequences not the intention Autonomous morality looks at the intentions Immanent justice think that as soon as they do something wrong they will be punished Baumrind s parenting styles pages 170 171 authoritarian very strict little communication authoritative enforce rules but have love and communication neglectful everything else in parents life is more important indulgent love and communication are high but there are no rules Child Maltreatment Types o Physical abuse o Child neglect o Sexual abuse o Emotional abuse Chapter 7 8 Middle and late childhood Body growth and change Growth is slow and consistent o Growth averages 2 3 in per year o Weight gain averages 5 7 pounds per year o Baby fat decreases and they begin to stretch out The brain Prefrontal cortex Cognitive control o Being able to filter what you don t want to pay attention to o Being able to plan things better Motor development Motor skills become smoother and more coordinated Fine motor skills improve due to increased myelination o Males generally out preform girls in gross motor skills o Girls generally out preform males in fine motor skills Children with disabilities pg 194 Learning difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language o Listening o Thinking o Reading o Writing o Spelling Dyslexia severe impairment in the ability to read and spell Dysgraphia difficulty in handwriting writing might be small spelling errors Dyscalculia difficulty with math ADHD o Characterized by inattention hyperactivity and impulsivity o Happens more often with boys Autism spectrum disorders o Autistic disorder onset in the first three years of life Problems interacting socially communication and repetitive behaviors o Asperger syndrome Good language skills milder nonverbal problems Piaget s cognitive development theory page 199 Concrete operational stage o Ages 7 11 o Conservation tasks o Concrete operations only things right in front of them no abstract thinking yet o Classify and categorize can understand family relationships o Seriation and transivity Information processing Long term memory increases Fuzzy trace theory Verbatim memory trace o Gist Metacognition o Knowing about knowing memory Thinking Critical Creative Convergent only one correct answer Used more in the education systems Divergent same thing can have more than one answer Types of Intelligence page 206 207 Gardner 8 Sternberg 3 Vocabulary Vocab increases Know 14 000 words by age 6 40 000 by age 11 metalinguistic awareness Self Self concept self evaluations domain o Athletics education Self esteem self worth or self image o How I feel inside about who I am o Doesn t always reflect reality Erikson industry v inferiority page 222 Self efficacy o I can Moral development Kohlberg o Pre conventional external rewards and punishment o Conventional apply certain standards but they are the standards set by others o Post conventional explore options then decide on a personal moral code Peers Popular Average Neglected Rejected Controversial Chapter 9 Adolescent Cognition According to Piaget the formal operational stage begins in adolescence Fourth and final stage of cognition development Can think logically and more abstractly Hypothetical deductive reasoning creating a hypothesis and deducing its implication Adolescent Egocentrism Heightened self consciousness of adolescents o Imaginary audience Belief others are as interested in them as they are in themselves Aka everyone is staring at me o Personal fable Feeling of uniqueness and invulnerability Aka I can drive 95mph and not get hurt that could happen to other people but it wont happen to me Information Processing Executive function o Higher order cognitive activities Cognitive control Making decisions o Better when calm Chapter 10 Socioemotional development in adolescents Erikson s view Marcia Identity v identity confusion page 273 Search for identity aided by a psychosocial moratorium Crisis the exploratory period of identity development Commitment personal investment in identity Statuses of identity Don t really have a concrete mindset on anything No commitment o Diffusion o Foreclosure o Moratorium o Achievement No exploration but have a commitment to the future Putting things off taking time to think about things Explored avenues and committed to what they want to Parent Adolescent Conflict do Everyday events of family life Rarely involve major dilemmas Often escalates during early adolescence somewhat stable during high school years then lessens as adolescence ends Peer groups Become increasingly important during adolescence Peer pressure o Conformity to peer standards o peaks around 8th or 9th grade o smaller between 5 12 people o same age same sex o centers around activities clubs sports cliques crowds 13 o larger less personal o based on reputation three stages of romance entering into romantic attractions and affiliations at about age 11 crushes exploring romantic relationships approx 14 16 two types of romantic involvement o casual dating short lived o dating in groups more serious end of high school years about 17 19 more stable and enduring strong emotional bonds more closely resembling adult relationships Chapter Emerging adulthood transition from adolescence to adulthood 18 25 Physical