PYSC 210CHAPTER 7 NOTESThe First 2 Years: Psychosocial DevelopmentBasic Emotions- Infant crying is an innate reaction that signals care givers about their needs. - Distress is the first emotion readily discerned. - Pleasure smiles occur in the first few days. - Social smiles begin at about six weeks. - Emotions become more defined between 6-9 months of age. - Stranger wariness is noticeable at about 6 months. - Separation anxiety appears at 8 to 9 months. - Infants will look to trusted adults for emotional cues in uncertain situations (social referencing). - As the infant's self-awareness grows so do new emotions. Such as confidence, shame, guilt, pride, jealousy and embarrassment.Origins of Personality According to TheoriesStudy carefully the textbook discussion of Freud, Erikson, behaviorism, cognitive and epigenetic theory. Look at the focus and key terms for each one. It would be well to chart these out for your study.Review the list of nine temperament characteristics in which babies differ in the early days and months of life.AttachmentMary Ainsworth states, "attachment may be defined as an affectional tie that one person or animal forms between himself and another specific one --- a tie that binds them together in space and endure over time." (Karen, p.15 Becoming Attached). Attachment theory describes someone as secure if they are ableto use one or a few figures as a secure base from which to explore and learn and as a haven of safety in retreat.This is equally true in infancy and adulthood. Like infants, adults can do more, reach further, better afford occasional set-backs if they can count on the availability and responsiveness of a secure base.Secure attachment: infant derives comfort and confidence from the caregiver and has readiness to explore the environment. Given a secure base---child can venture forth. Explore--look back--vocalize or return for a hug.Insecure attachment: infant has fear, anger, even indifference towards the caregiver. They are less confident, unwilling to let go. They may play aimlessly with no signs on maintaining contact with the caregiver.Page 1 of 3PYSC 210Attachment is a primary developmental need.Results of attachment disorder- Needs go unmet----person remains needy in many areas of life. - Remains in a state of tension - Feels alienated, mistrusts the world in general (future spouse in particular) - Feels unsafe and unnurtured - Fails to thrive - Becomes resistant to discipline, authority, and working with othersSymptoms of Attachment DisorderKeep in mind that a child would have a large number of these not just one or two.- Poor eye contact - Lack of conscience development - Poor cause and effect understanding - Accident prone - Crazy lying - Learning lags - Withdrawal from interacting with others - Not affectionate to parents - Aggressive behaviors - Cruelty to animals - Lack of impulse control - Promiscuous behaviors - Manipulative behaviors - Superficial and charming - Demanding, clingy - Poor peer relations - Abnormal eating habits, abnormal speech patterns. - Hyperactivity - Preoccupation with fire and gore Page 2 of 3PYSC 210- Poor risk takersThese translate into some major adult problems. People look for substitutes for their lack of attachment. It may be success, money, fame, family, shopping, or food to name a few. *****************************************************************Suggested Reading: If you are interested in this topic of attachment, I have listed some fine books you may read later.Clinton, Tim. (2002). Attachments: Why You Love, Feel and Act the Way You Do, Integrity Publishers.Townsend, J., (1991).Hiding from Love, NavPress. Page 3 of