Paid Media o Buying space or airtime o Telling consumers exactly what you want o Commercial political non profit etc Earned Media o The media covers you for free EX News reports o The press says what they want about you you don t have a say o Public Relations Creating press releases events research Crisis communication o Form of online advertising that matches the form and function of the Native advertisement platform on which it appears funding models for journalism o For Profit Almost all American media To create two specific products that are not the same often at odds A public good to inform the public contribute to discussion Profits Conflict between programming and the interest of Challenges advertisers Two goals o Public informing o Making Interest of advertisers o Public A few American media Government run Funds public broadcasting Creates a dual product industry Sell content to consumer Sell consumer consumer s attention to advertisers Concern with public media Have to worry about the government o Public s best interest o Misuse of power o Non profit A very few American media Values Objectivity balance fairness etc Forum for public discussion Holds power accountable Challenges of the for profit system o 1980 s economic consolidations 1 Pressure from advertisers The news advertisers appear with The news about them Protection of brand image 2 Pressures for information control Tension between goals of profit and public service mission in American media o Can the profit mission and the public service mission co exist o Public good mission Informing people and contributing to debates o Profit goal o Chris Pattern Example Sell product to consumer and sell consumer to advertisers English governor of Hong Kong wrote a book that didn t reflect well on China and its government Harper Collins killed it last minute because Murdoch thought China is a place to make money and authorities would restrict News Corp there if the book was published o First amendment doesn t apply within private corp Solution between profit and public service in 20th century media bundling and loss leaders o Maximize profit o Spectrum scarcity o Bundling o Loss leader than other Hard news is costly to produce and people don t buy it Put different types of media in one package EX Newspaper hard news sports comics lifestyle etc Relies on the fact that some things are going to make more money Depends on interest Even if people are buying a newspaper for the sports and not the hard news they are still making money In this situation hard news is the loss leader Operates on a loss at its own Has status EX Doesn t pay for itself but has Pulitzers Needs to be bundled to make profit still Bundled with sports people buy still profit even though its expensive to produce o When 20 s 60 s Ran prestigious news at 6pm 3 changes that effected Technological Political Economic Technological political and economic changes in late 20th century o Technological Channel diversification cable satellite Channel proliferation Unbundling Different types of information in many different places o Political Strong deregulation Especially in Regan era HW Bush thought free markets as solution Free markets were used as a solution o Spirit of free market ideology o Neoliberalism Modified form of liberalism favoring free market capitalism o Media its own business and shouldn t be regulated forced Events Fairness doctrine repealed 1987 o Rise of political talk radio o Have to report on both sides of politics Ownership rules relaxed 1980s 1990s Telecommunications Act 1996 o Economic Profit seeking consolidation Why consolidate o Economies of scale o Set prices for advertisers advantage o Eliminated competition o Political advantages making greater impact on public o Cross platform synergy whole is greater than sum of parts Increasing profit focus Sales to publicly held corporations Advertising as a dual product industry o Sell content to consumer o Sell consumer to advertisers Pressure on for profit media from owners and advertisers and examples o Power is exerted over communication content o Private corps don t have to abide by first amendment o Chryslers to magazines Said they wanted to know about any editorial that is provocative sexual political and social issues Wanted a summary outline major themes articles Response Threats to pull threat to money surrender What happened to Kalle Lasn and Adbusters and its significance for understanding communication in the U S o Created an ad with a counter consumerist message 30 seconds encouraged people to boycott holiday shopping o Were denied advertising time by major American Canadian broadcasters NBC CBS ABC CNN eventually Canada ran the ad o Kalle Lasn In cold war hard to speak up against government in Estonia but in the U S not hard but advertisers sensor speech There is something fundamentally undemocratic about our public airways AKA news being privately owned o Deals with the placement of advertisements o Deals with POWER Private corporations have great power over the media Can run what they want There isn t a first amendment that forces them to air what they don t want to air they can choose Public radio as a hybrid public nonprofit medium o U S government can t support and sponsor public media Public media takes on non for profit programming in order to fund themselves o NPR Created by Public Broadcasting Act 1967 Corporation for public broadcasting Nonprofit corporation that funds public media in the US Barely public in the sense of state financing Is state funded though but mostly nonprofit o In comparison to BBC BBC has several channels is the most watched provider in UK Funded by annual license tax which provides for 72 of BBC s funding Funding mechanisms of public media and protections from political pressure o Direct funding o License fees What you pay each year to own a TV In England Goes to the BBC o Taxes on media and telecommunications o Advertising o Not funded by government because Public media s protection from government Dedicated funding Multi year funding Oversight boards Charters and regulations Staggered terms for commissioners Buffer between government and media Even if years overlap not the same people making decisions Research findings comparing public media to profit media in terms of political coverage o In Western Europe UK Germany Scandinavia one third or more of TV audience watches public media Less so in US Australia Canada Public service television gives
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