Chapter 1 True False things we don t even know we don t know Disagreement between scientists is a strength of science Science is NOT a solitary process and CAN be done poorly Deep ignorance Scientific ideas are tentative and temporary because they are subject to change But ARE reliable Science IS a way of understanding how the natural world works using testable explanations Science is NOT a way to answer questions about supernatural phenomena or a search for truth Examples Experiment Data collection Data analysis Evidence ex comparing flower growth under fertilizer or no fertilizer ex heights ex calculating average heights ex comparing the 2 averages provided evidence to support hypothesis Chapter 2 How a cell s specialized structure makes it well suited to carry out a function Red blood cells Nerve cells Epithelial skin cells carry oxygen through circulatory system transport info to other nerve cells or muscle cells form protective barrier around body 4 structures prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins Cell membrane DNA Cytoplasm Ribosomes the DNA double helix of nucleic acids information to direct cellular processes the gelatinous aqueous interior of all cells organelles that synthesize proteins by transplanting instructions from Neuron Structure Dendrites Axon Myelin sheath Synaptic terminals receive incoming messages from other neurons transmits electric signals down the extensions insulates axon to speed transmission relays signal to next cells chemically Homeostasis Chapter 3 Steady state Ex Thermoregulation your body maintaining a steady internal temperature o Involved in thermoregulation nervous system circulatory system muscular system and integumentary system o As you heat up your body needs to release excess heat and if you are cold your body needs to conserve heat ex sweating your face flushes Ex Human urinary system forms and excretes urine while regulating amount of water in body fluids o If you are hydrated your urine is lighter in color because more fluids are being flushed out while if you re dehydrated you reabsorb water back into your body and your urine is darker in color and more concentrated Drug effects Inhibitory neurotransmitters Excitatory neurotransmitters Most substances stimulate or inhibit the nervous system or mimic how a block nerve impulses amplify nerve impulses either increase the effect of an excitatory neurotransmitter or block the Depressants block the action of an excitatory neurotransmitter or increase the Narcotics induce drowsiness by binding neurotransmitter receptor sites that neurotransmitter works Stimulants effect of an inhibitory one action of an inhibitory one normally receive the body s natural pain relieving substances amount of transmitters released in parts of the brain Psychedelics greatly change a user s perception of the environment increase the Gametogenesis production of gametes Takes 2 forms Chapter 5 takes place in the male testes and results in production of 4 Spermatogenesis sperm from 1 spermatocyte polar bodies from 1 oocyte Oogenesis takes place in the female ovaries and results in production of 1 egg and 3 The first trimester is the vulnerable period when most of the development of the offspring s organ systems take place Barrier contraceptives Hormonal contraceptives Bacterial STIs can be treated with antibiotics Viral STIs cannot they replicate and are more difficult to treat Viral STIs HIV HPV Genital Herpes Hepatitis B Bacterial STIs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis Male Reproductive Structures Scrotum houses testes outside of body since sperm can t develop at body temp Testes produce sperm Epididymis where sperm mature and become motile Vas deferens tube that mature sperm travel through during ejaculation Prostate glands secretes fluid that neutralizes acidity of vagina Cowper s gland secretes fluid that lubricates urethra allowing semen to be released Seminal vesicles releases fluid high in sugars that provides energy for sperm more easily Urethra tube that conveys sperm and urine out through penis Penis contains erectile tissue that causes erection during arousal Female Reproductive Structures Follicle where egg matures Ovaries produce eggs Corpus luteum emits important hormones during reproductive cycle Fallopian tube tube egg travels down after release from follicle where fertilization occurs Uterus houses developing offspring Endometrium blood rich layer of tissue lining uterus that thickens during ovulation where embryo implants and develops Cervix muscle that holds baby in uterus Vagina allows for insertion of penis for internal fertilization Clitoris contains erectile tissue that fills with blood during arousal Male Hormones Testosterone stimulates testes to manufacture sperm tells brain when enough sperm has been produced stimulates development of male sex characteristics GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone triggers release of fertility hormones called gonadotropins FSH LH LH stimulates testes to produce testosterone FSH tells testes to produce sperm along with testosterone Inhibin tells brain enough sperm have been produced stops release or sperm producing hormones Female Hormones FSH triggers development of primary oocyte LH signals ovulation release of egg from follicle Progesterone and Estrogen promote thickening of endometrium low levels trigger menstruation hCG maintains secretion of progesterone and estrogen so endometrium stays intact Gel Electrophoresis Chapter 6 An electric current moves DNA fragments through pores from the negative to positive electrode Shorter fragments move quicker longer fragments move slower Use restriction enzymes proteins that cut DNA into fragments Definitions Homologous chromosomes from father that carry genes matching chromosome pairs one from mother one variations of genes Alleles Homozygous same vs heterozygous different Genotype specific allelic combination ex FF or Ff Phenotype observation traits which are under genetic control ex Freckles present Epigenome top of your genome Cancer a disease of unregulated cell division Chapter 7 makes up physical characteristics and expression of gene Located on When a gene is expressed it generates specific proteins When it is silenced it generates no proteins Chapter 8 NPK ratio of nitrate to phosphate to potassium Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere Carbon is the most abundant element in the atmosphere Potassium Phosphorous Nitrogen Carbon Trophic web DNA