Bio Lab Post Test Study Guide Observation vs Inference observation what you see inference what it s based on Theory vs Hypothesis theory for wide range of phenomenon hypothesis for narrow set of phenomenon Automatic vs Somatic automatic immediate response somatic you think before you react Mitosis Vs Meiosis mitosis only 2 daughter cells identical 46 46 diploid somatic meiosis 4 division not identical haploid independent assortment recombination Abiotic vs Biotic abiotic non living biotic living Stabilizing Selection vs Directional vs Disruptive vs Sexual stabilizing favors immediate phenotypes and typically occurs in more stable environments where extreme phenotypes are selected against you want the middle directional shifts the overall makeup of a population by selecting for one extreme ie pepper moth disruptive result in a balancing of 2 contrasting phenotypes typically occurs in a patchy environment sexual specific form of natural selection individuals with certain traits are more likely than other individuals ti obtain mates Characteristics of all living organisms order regulation reproduction adaption growth development energy utilization response to enviorment Basic components of cells prokaryotic eukaryotic have in common cell membrane protection cytoplasm interior ribosomes protein DNA genetic info transports Inhibitory vs Excitatory Neurotransmitters inhibitory block nerve impulses excitatory amplify nerve impulses Meiosis and Genetically Diverse Gametes independent assortment homologous chromosome pairs line up for cell division each has 2 copies its random go to gametes recombination crossing over exchange genetic material Gametogensis production of gametes spermatogenesis testes production of sperm from one spermatocyte oogenesis ovaries production of 1 egg 3 polar bodies oocyte Domains bacteria eukara membrane bound nuclei animal fungi plant protist archaea can live in extreme conditions protist animal plant fungi like Biotic Interactions competition one organism deprives another of a resource predation one kills another kills completely grazing takes only part of its prey parasitism 2 organisms of differ species living close together mutualism both organisms receive net benefits detritivory consumption of dead organic matter biodiversity diverse ecosystem more resistant to natural disturbances or human caused gel electrophoresis electric current fragments separate by size DNA 100s of genes tightly packaged as chromatin to fit compactly in cells alleles different versions of same gene twins same genes different phenotype epigenome controls whether genes are expressed or silenced epigenic tags researchers use to identify biomarkers sample size the larger the smaller the standard deviation n goes up SD goes down ribosomes synthesized proteins in pro eukaryotic cells psychedelic drugs directly interact with the nervous system sexual reproductions NOT a characteristic of all living organisms nitron cycle dependent on bacteria to convert it between the atmosphere form and the forms that can enter the food web Abiotic component phosphorus essential for living biotic organism because it is a primary component DNA backbone and cell membrane bacteria and eukarya make up the 3 domains system including pathogenic micro organisms biological species concept organisms that are able to interbreed produce fertile offspring post zygotic barrier example mule produced from donkey horse NOT fertile type of variation passed to offspring all characteristics that are genetically determined prostate gland secreats alkaline basic fluid during ejaculation in order to neutralize the pH of the vagina FSH hormone that stimulates maturation of a follicle estrogen progesterone indirectly inhibit maturation of follicle cell division by meiosis generates genetically diverse gametes not mechanical that produces genetic variation in populations mutations in somatic cells not necessary for tool of electrophoresis DNA fragments of identical size viral STI s need a host not possibly cause of cancer activation of tumor suppressor genes by lifestyle choices