PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE PET 3380 REVIEW GUIDE FOR EXAM II Body Composition 1 Be able to differentiate related terminologies a Abdominal Fat Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat in the Abdominal Region b Subcutaneous Fat Adipose tissue beneath the skin c Visceral Fat Adipose tissue within and surrounding thoracic and abdominal cavities d Body Density Body mass Body Volume e Body Mass Index Ratio of Body Mass to stature squared body mass stature2 f Densitometry Archimedes principle of water displacement to estimate whole body density Hydrostatic weighting underwater weighing g Fat Mass extractable lipids from adipose and other body tissue h Fat Free Mass lipid free chemicals and tissues water muscle bone connective tissue and organs Lean Body Mass Fat Free Mass essential body fat i j Specific Gravity Body mass body mass body weight in water k Stature Height expressed in metric units 2 Understand composition of the human body and body composition techniques a Reference Man is taller and heavier his skeleton weighs more and he possesses a larger muscle mass and lower body fat content than reference women i Possible reasons lifestyle biologic and behavioral factors hormones ii Reference Man Women is statistical comparison of thousands of individuals not necessarily the ideal healthy person b Body Composition i Fat stored 2 ways 1 Essential Fat fat in heart lungs liver spleen kidneys intestines muscle and lipid rich tissues of the central nervous system needed for normal body functions a Sex specific Fat breast genitals lower body subcutaneous intramuscular etc 2 Storage Fat Fat deposits primarily in adipose tissuse a 83 pure fat 2 protein 15 water b 12 in men 15 in women c Body Composition Techniques i Old Way Height to weight table doesn t consider body fat ii Direct Measurement 1 Use of body cadaver to dissolve fat iii Indirect Measurement 1 Hydrostatic weighing Densitometry Under Water weighing a Utilizes Archimedes principle to measure body density to compare amount of body fat to lean body mass b Body Fat 495 Body Density 450 Ex 495 1 0417 450 25 2 body fat c Body Density Db Ma Dw Ma Ww RLV Dw Ma Body Mass kg Ww Net Underwater Weight kg Dw Density of Water correct for temp RLV residual Lung Volume Db Body Density 2 Anthropometric Measurements using height weight girth and skinfolds to estimate body composition a Skinfold Measures Subcutaneous Fat i estimates body fat from interrelationship among 1 Subcutaneous fat measured 2 3 Whole body density Internal fat ii Measurement sites triceps subscapular suprailiac abdominal and upper thigh 1 Problems different testers measure differently iii Uses time 1 Comparing individual body fat changes over 2 Computing body fat based of values of similar age gender training race and fatness of individual a Young women Body Fat 0 55A 0 31B 6 13 b Young Men Body Fat 0 43A 0 58B 1 47 A triceps mm B subscapular mm b Girth use of tape measure to measure girth of body part i Assess body fat distribution ii Measurement sites right bicep right forearm abdomen buttocks right thigh right calf iii 2 5 4 error iv Waist to Hip Ratio WHR 1 Waist Hip 2 Men 0 95 Men 60 1 03 c Body Mass Index BMI Body mass Kg Sature2 m2 Women 0 86 Women 60 0 90 i Limitation doesn t consider age gender ethnicity and race And doesn t consider body composition muscle vs fat ii Classification 1 Underweight 18 5 kg m2 2 Normal 18 5 kg m2 to 24 9 kg m2 3 Overweight 25 kg m2 to 29 9 kg m2 4 Obese 30 kg m2 to 3 Bioelectrical Impedance use of electrical impulse to determine body composition a Fast electrical conduction Fat free Body mass and water because of higher electrolyte content b Slow conduction fat and bone tissue c Utilizes Ohm s Law Resistance volume current d Problems electrode placement body position hydration status plasma osmolality sodium concentration skin temperature recent physical activity and previous food intake can all affect readings 4 Bod POD measures body volume to asses body fat a As reliable as DEXA or Under Water Weighing 5 Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry DEXA scans body to determine body composition as reliable as Under water weighing 3 National epidemic of overweight and obesity a Increased number of Overweight and Obese individuals i 65 of Americans are Overweight 33 are Obese ii increasing health problems shorter life iii Causes Increased Caloric intake overfed decreased physical activity Genetics b Adipocytes Fat cells i Increases in Size Hypertrophy and Number Hyperplasia weight gain ii Can only decrease in Size weight loss c Body Fat Norms i Men Avg is 15 range 10 22 ii Women Avg is 26 range 20 32 4 Weight loss with the energy valance equation a Weight Change Total Energy intake Total Energy Expenditure i Weight loss weight gain ii Reduce Caloric intake 500 1000cal day and or increase exercise make good food choices iii Ideal diet exercise combination offers more flexibility to achieve negative calorie balance weight loss and health benefits and longer maintenance of weight Pulmonary Ventilation supplies Oxygen required in metabolism eliminates carbon dioxide and regulates hydrogen ion concentration to maintain pH 5 Understand the mechanics of breathing including the sequence of events a Conducting Zone oxygen is transported no Alveoli Trachea and terminal bronchioles b Respiratory Zone gas exchange occurs Bronchioles alveolar ducts and alveoli c Sequence of Events i Muscle Contraction diaphragm ii Change in volume of chest cavity causes change in pressure iii Movement of Air 1 Inspiration moving air in active 2 Expiration moving air out passive 6 Be able to differentiate the lung volumes and understand the response to exercise for each lung volume a Tidal Volume volume inspired or expired per breath i Increases with intensity of exercise b Inspiratory Reserve Volume Max inspiration at end of tidal inspiration c Expiratory Reserve Volume Max expiration at the end of tidal expiration i Decreases with exercise i Decreases with exercise d Total Lung Capacity Volume in lungs after maximum inspiration e Residual Lung Volume Volume in lungs after maximum expiration f Forced Vital Capacity Maximum volume expired after maximum inspiration g Inspiratory Capacity Maximum volume inspired following tidal expiration h Functional Residual Capacity Volume in lungs after tidal expiration 7 Understand completely the concept underlying minute and alveolar ventilation What specific changes occur in minute ventilation with exercise and how do they differ with training status
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