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12Tony Berardi | FLASHNOTESExercise Physiology Exam 1Bioenergetics - Chapters 5-7, 8 (pp 186-190; RER), lab and lecture notes1. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism- This refers to the two “systems” that the body uses to make energy or ATP. Aerobic respirationmeans “with oxygen” and anaerobic means “without oxygen, but those terms aren’t technicallycorrect. ATP production starts with glycolysis in the cell’s cytosol. The six carbon molecule is cleavedover many steps into two three carbon molecules, called pyruvate. This is known as anaerobicrespiration, since oxygen is nowhere in the equation. At this point, the pyruvate can formlactate to keep glycolysis running if ATP is needed fast (during intense exercise) or it can enterthe cell’s mitochondria. Once it enters the mitochondria, it is committed to aerobic respiration,and it is known as such. This process is very lengthy, but produces much more energy thanglycolysis alone. Oxygen is the final electron receptor for this. - A better term for anaerobic is “fast glycolysis” since it supplies energy fast and is used when weneed energy right away. Aerobic is commonly called “slow glycolysis” since it takes a long time toutilized, but provides much more energy. Addition Covering the Energy Systems The body has three different sources of energy that it can pull from, and they all depend on the INTENSITY of the activity, or another way to think about it is how fast do you need the energy?o You have a system called the ATP-Pcr system and this occurs in the cytosol of the cell. The cytosol is the outer area (where glycolysis occurs) and it in charge of supplying energy for explosive activities. We have ATP chilling in the cell available for immediate breakdown, and during intense activity, the body will cleave this ATP to ADP to get that phosphate to generate muscle contraction. Normally, this process of splitting the ATP would deplete your stores very quickly (in about 3 seconds), thus the body has a molecule called phospo-creatine floating around. With all the ADP dancing around the cytosol, the PCr will donate its phosphate to reform an ATP, and thus, you can prolong12Tony Berardi | FLASHNOTESthe ATP breakdown. You will have an explosive force production for a grand total of 10-15 seconds. Wooohooo! What exercises depend on the ATP-Pcr system? Think explosive: Polevaulting, jumps, sprints, throwing – if you need energy extremely fast, then this is the system for you. o Then you have glycolysis, which I go into more detail later on in the guide, and that will be fore middle-distance events: say an 800m sprinto Then beta-oxidation. And remember, this yields the most ATP!2. What is ATP? How does it function? How is it formed?- This is the main energy currency in the body. Think of ATP as money that can be used to poweryour muscles. ATP is an adenosine molecule (one of the bases of DNA) attached to threephosphates. When one phosphate is cleaved, energy is released during the cleavage. One thingyou will notice is everything in the body is controlled via adding a phosphate to something ortaking a phosphate off.  So the body takes chemical energy in the form of ATP and transforms it into mechanical energy,in the form of muscle contraction. 3. Describe glycolysis. Know net ATP yield depending on substrate used (glycogen or glucose), andknow what other energetic molecules are formed (e.g. NADH + H+)? How is lactate formedduring glycolysis? What are the conditions under which it is formed?- This is the catabolic pathway that glucose enters to yield energy. Just know that you start with glucose, go through a whole bunch of reactions, and end up with pyruvate. Pyruvate can then go to two paths that I will explain later. This process occurs in the cells cytosol. Anaerobically, glucose will become lactate. Anaerobic mean without oxygen. Aerobically, it will become acetyl Coa. - Glycolysis only occurs in the CELL’S CYTOSOL (capitalized because it’s probably important). Through many steps, the net ATP is only 2. If you want to learn all the steps, two steps at the beginning actually use 1 ATP each; so you have to put in an input to get an output of ATP. After you put in 2 ATP, you then make 4 ATP in the next steps, but you only end up with a net of 2 ATP.  Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in the body; the muscles combine many glucose molecules together as storage. Free glucose is also circulating in your blood. The difference in the maximum amount of ATP formed between them is based on the first step of glycolysis. In12Tony Berardi | FLASHNOTESthe first step, glucose is phosphorylated into glucose-6-phosphate, and this takes one ATP. This is so the glucose does not leave the cell. Free glucose must take this step, so the glucose does not leave the cell. Since glycogen is already in the muscle, the glucose simply has to break its storage and thus it will skip that step free glucose takes. What does this mean? That the total amount of ATP formed from glycogen will always be one more than free glucose. So glycolysis will form 3 ATP if glycogen is used. - The potential for glucose metabolism to form ATP is in the form of the high energy molecules NADH2 and FADH2. These molecules carry electrons from hydrogen atoms and this electrons are what creates the majority of ATP in aerobic respiration (in the electron transport chain)  So glycolysis takes the six carbon glucose and cleaves it into two three carbon pyruvates. Now what? Depending on how fast our muscles need ATP will determine what happens now. If we need energy fast, as in during intense exercise, pyruvate will form lactate. The reason for this is simple; to form pyruvate, the body had to use a NAD to form NADH (has a lot of potential to form ATP), so this means that NAD is required in order to form pyruvate and form the 2 ATP thatglycolysis forms. When you need energy fast, this glycolysis has to keep running, but the cell willrun out of NAD fast. When pyruvate forms lactate, NADH (only makes all it’s ATP in the electron transport chain) will turn back into NAD. This will allow glycolysis to keep happening, and thus form the 2 ATP.  So lactate is formed when we run out of NAD, because the cycle is moving so fast. Lactate formation regenerates NAD, so we can form more pyruvate (and more lactate if we need more NAD). 4. Describe the krebs cycle. Know what happens to pyruvate


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FSU PET 3380C - Exercise Physiology Exam 1

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