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PET3380 Exam 4 Study GuideChapters 28 - body composition, Chapter 30 exercise and weight control1. Know and understand the principle of Archimedes and how it applies to the procedure of human body volume measurements.- Archimedes developed a fundamental principle to evaluate human body composition- measuring volume of irregularly shaped object requires submersion in water and collection of theoverflow- an object submerged or floating in water becomes buoyed up by counterforce that equals weight of the volume of water it displaces, so essentially an object loses weight in water- object’s loss of weight in water equals weight of volume of water it displaces, so its specific gravity refers to the mass of an object in air divided by its loss of weight in watero specific gravity = weight in air / loss of weight in watero or also = weight in air / (weight in air – weight in water)- this water submersion allows us to determine body volume- density = body mass / volume, and from this we can estimate body fat %2. Understand the differences and usefulness of different body composition and anthropometric assessment procedures discussed in the text and class. What are the general assumptions used by indirect measures. - direct measurements: chemical analysis of animal carcass or human cadavero high accuracy- indirect measurements: hydrostatic weighing, simple anthropometric measurements, and other clinical and lab procedureso mathematical equations to indirectly predict body’s fat % based on assumed constancy ofthe body tissueso anthropometric: using height, weight, circumferences, and skinfolds to estimate body composition BMI: body mass / height underweight (for female): 18.5 kg*m2 normal: 18.5-24.9 overweight: 25-29.9 obese class I: 30-34.9 obese class II: 35-39.9 class III: ≥ 40 kg*m2 fails to distinguish between fat, muscle mass, and bone density does not correlate well to estimating body fat (± 5% error in reading) circumferences: used to assess patterns of body fat distribution measurement sites: abdomen, arm, butt/hips, calf, forearm, hips/thigh, mid-thigh, waist android body type: (apple-shaped) fat deposition in the abdomen more health-concerning, more likely to cause heart disease gynoid body type: (pear-shaped) fat deposits in gluteal and femoral regions skin/fat folds the amount of subcutaneous fat is proportional to total body fat the more dense someone is the leaner they are calipers used to measure fat thickness in designated areas 7-site method or 3-site sex-specific methodo bioelectrical impedance: impedance to electrical current flow related to quantity of total body water current flows better through hydrated fat free mass compared to fato bod-pod: determines volume by measuring initial volume of empty chamber and then volume of chamber with person insideo DEXA: dual-energy x-ray absorpiometry originally used for bone scans often used to assess BMD of people for determining osteoporosiso hydrostatic weighing: considered “gold standard” for measurements based on Archimedes principle and specific volume measure whole body density using ratio of body mass to body volume3. What are the body composition differences between males and females?- males: body fat average 15% (range from 10-22%)o overfatness = above 20%- females: body fat average 26% (range from 20-32%)o overfatness = above 30%4. Understand the difference between essential and storage fat, and the difference between FFM and LBM.- essential fat: biologically necessary for normal functioning o fat in lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles, and lipid-rich tissues of nervous system and bone marrowo sex-specific fat: 3-5% in male and 12-15% in female- storage fat: fat deposited in adipose tissue o includes visceral fatty tissues that protect organs within thoracic and abdominal cavities from trauma, and larger adipose tissue volume deposited beneath skin’s surface- fat-free body mass (FFM): body mass devoid of all extractable fat (body mass minus fat mass)- lean body mass (LBM): contains small percentage of non-specific essential fat equivalent to approximately 3% body fat- in normal adults (healthy and hydrated), the only difference between FFM and LBM is the essential fat component present in LBM5. How does energy balance and weight loss affect body composition?- if energy is balanced (energy output = energy input), body comp will stay relatively the same- if it is not kept balanced, body composition will differ o decrease if weight is lost  input < output; increase if weight is gained  input > output6. Understand the potential impact of diet and exercise on obesity (e.g. what are the differences of dieting alone as compared to dieting and exercise combined).- diet + exercise will yield more weight loss than either aloneo diet + exercise as well as the exercise only groups lost more fat pounds than the diet only group, which lost both muscle and fato diet + exercise group gained one pound of lean tissueo exercise only group gained 3 pounds of lean tissue- diet + exercise is most healthy and beneficial form of losing weight7. Understand the concept of the energy balance equations.- energy input = energy output helps to maintain weight- energy input > energy output gains weight- energy input < energy output loses weight- energy output: o basal metabolic rate: accounts for 80-95% of total daily energy expenditure and is a major contributor to maintenance of body weight; slows with ageo thermic effect of food: energy it takes body to digest food ( ~10% energy/day)o physical activity: both daily/functional and exercise activity ( maybe 5%)- 3500 calories equals 1 lb of fat8. Know the changes that occur in fat cells during weight gain and weight loss. - adipose tissue mass increases in two ways:o hypertrophy: cells increase in size (have better chance of beating obesity)o hyperplasia: cells increase in number (problematic); these people are predisposed to obesity- can’t reduce number of fat cells, so once you have them you’re stuck with themo to some extent, fat comes from parentso proliferate during different developmental times of a person’s life greatest times of proliferation are during first 1.5 years of life and during pre-pubescent stageo overeating (overfeeding by parent) at young age (baby and toddler ages) creates more fat cells in body- after weight reduction


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FSU PET 3380C - Exam 4 Study Guide

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