PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE PET 3380 REVIEW GUIDE FOR EXAM II Review powerpoints not all information on powerpoints was on the study guide Body Composition 1 Be able to differentiate related terminologies Abdominal fat can be two types i Subcutaneous fat Fat lying between skin and abdominal wall ii Visceral fat Fat surrounding abdominal organs Anthropometry measurement of man includes height weight circumference and skin folds to estimate body composition Body density a measurement that expresses your total body mass or weight relative to your body volume or the amount of space or area that your body occupies Body mass index Body mass index measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to man Densitometry determination of variations in density by comparison with that of another material or with a certain standard Fat mass Fat within body Fat Free mass Body without fat Lean body Mass Weight you carry on your body that isn t fat Specific Gravity the ratio of density of a substance compared to the density of fresh Stature Natural height of a human in an upright position 2 Understand composition of the human body and body composition techniques Body composition o Evaluates structural constituents of the body such as muscle bone and fat Essential fat fat in lungs heart liver spleen nervous system and bone marrow This type of fat is essential because normal function REQUIRES it It is also a sex specified fat Storage fat fat deposited in adipose tissue excess fat o Expressed as the relative percentage of body that is fat and fat free tissue o Side note height and weight tables used to be used however were unreliable because it does not tell you how many pounds are fat and how many are muscle o Fat free Body without fat vs Lean body mass weight you carry on your body that isn t fat Body Comp Techniques o Direct measurements most accurate and can ONLY be done on cadavers o Indirect measurements several Anthropometrics measurement of man includes height weight circumference and skin folds to estimate body composition BMI Body mass index measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to man o Calculation Body mass kg stature m 2 Classifications Underweight Kg m 2 18 5 Normal Overweight Obese I Obese ii Obese iii 18 5 24 9 25 29 9 30 34 9 35 39 9 40 0 o Limitations to BMI are that it fails to distinguish between body fat muscle mass or bone density It also does not correlate to estimating body fat 5 error Circumferences o Used to asses patterns of body fat distribution o Android vs Gynoid Obesity Apple vs Pear Body shape Men typically have the apple most fat in abdominal body shape and females Pear most fat below the waist o Girth Measure measurement around an object Typically has a 2 5 4 error o Waist to hip ratio WHR Waist hip circumference Risk assessment Males 95 Females 86 Skin Folds o Correlates to under water weighing o Two compartments fat vs fat free o Amount of subcutaneous fat fat directly below the skin is proportional to the total body fat o Mode of measurement calibers are used to measure fat thickness in designated areas 7 site method Triceps chest midaxillary subscapular suprailiac abdominal thigh other sites could be the biceps and calf 3 site sex specified Men Chest abdominal thigh Women Triceps suprailiac thigh Hydrostatic weighing Under water weighing considered to be gold standard Based on Archimedes Principle o Bouyant force object s loss of weight in water equals the weight of the volume of water of an object in air divided by its loss of weight in the water 3 National epidemic of overweight and obesity There has been a upward increase in overweight and obese individuals Factors include genetics increase in caloric intake and decrease in physical activity 1 diseases as a result is diabetes mellitus o Sidenote adipocyte size and number These are your fat cells They can increase through fat cell hypertrophy or hyperplasia The effect of weight loss causes a decrease in size but NO change in 4 Weight loss with the energy valance equation number Proteins lipids and carbs Input TEF physical activity resting metabolism output Weight change Total energy intake total energy expenditure Weight loss reduce caloric intake increase physical activity Ideal combination of diet and exercise o Offers more flexibility to achieve negative caloric balance o Offers weight loss and health benefits o Longer maintenance of weight Pulmonary Ventilation 5 Understand the mechanics of breathing including the sequence of events Mechanics sequence o 1 Muscle contraction o 2 Change in volume of chest cavity o 3 Change in pressure of chest cavity o 4 Movement of air Mechanics in depth video o The action of breathing in and out is due to changes of pressure within the thorax in comparison with the outside This action is also known as external respiration o When we inhale the intercostal muscles between the ribs and diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity The diaphragm flattens and moves downwards and the intercostal muscles move the rib cage upwards and out This increase in size decreases the internal air pressure and so air from the outside at a now higher pressure that inside the thorax rushes into the lungs to equalize the pressures o When we exhale the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and return to their resting positions This reduces the size of the thoracic cavity thereby increasing the pressure and forcing air out of the lungs o Video on the mechanics of breathing http www youtube com watch v SWJHSTAWTCk 6 Be able to differentiate the lung volumes and understand the response to exercise for each lung volume Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle Lung volumes are directly measured Lung capacities are inferred from lung volumes Taller non smokers and people who live at higher altitudes will have a larger volume Shorter smokers and people at lower altitudes will have a smaller volume Average Volumes mL Men Women 500 600 3000 1900 Inspiratory reserve Volume IRV Max inspiration at end of tidal Lung Volume Capacity Tidal Volume TV Expiratory Reserve Volume ERV Total Lung Capacity TLC Residual Lung Volume RLV Forced Vital Capacity FVC Inspiratory Capacity IC Functional Residual Capacity FRC Definition Volume inspired or expired per breath inspiration Max expiration at end of tidal expiration Volume in lungs after max inspiration Volume in lungs after max expiration Max volume expired
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