Review Guide for Exercise Physiology What is ATP How does it Function How is ATP formed o Adenosine TRIphosphate o Powers all of the cells energy requiring processes o Extracts potential energy from food and conserve it within the bonds of ATP o Extract and transfer the chemical energy in ATP to power biological work o Transfers trapped energy to other compounds to raise them to a higher energy level o The body maintains a continuous ATP supply through different metabolic pathways Anaerobic breakdown of Pcr glucose glycerol and the carbon skeleton of some deaminated amino acids Aerobically through the citric acid cycle beta oxidation and respiratory chain reside in the mitochondria o ATP ADP Pi Energy Only reaction that allows energy to be released Broken down with ATPase o ATP is found in the mitochondria because this is where it is commonly produced o ATP is located near the sliding filaments produced in one place and stored in o ATP does not require oxygen o Our supply of ATP is small we can run 2 3secs on ATP alone Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism another o Aerobic o Anaerobic Fatty acids Pyruvate from glucose Some deaminated amino acids Electron transport chain Phosphocreatine Glucose glycogen Glycerol Some deaminated amino acids Describe glycolysis o Anaerobic happens in the cytosol o Glycolysis begins in the cytoplasm we start with a 6 carbon compound and subject o The liver and kidneys contains the enzymes phosphatase which splits the G6P into it to a series of reactions two 3 carbon molecules The process When we start the glycolysis process with glucose we have 2 ATP o Glucose has to come from the blood therefore it utilizes 1 ATP When we start the process with glycogen we have 3 ATP Glucose G6P Hexokinase catalyzes the reaction G6P F6P Fructose 6 phosphate Then Phosphrofuctokinase PFk will change F6P into Fructose 1 6 diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with 3 carbon chains 3 phosphoglyceraldehyde 3 phosphoglyceraldehyde then splits into 1 3 phosphoglycerate and then 3 phospho glycerate and they further decompose to pyruvate The figure below is a condensed version of glycolysis o Describe the Krebs cycle and ETS o Pyruvate irreversibly converts to Acetyl COA a form of acetic acid The pyruvate is taken into the mitochondria for this to happen The process Pyruvate is taken into the mitochondria membrane to create acetate o This let s off CO2 Coenzyme A is then added to acetate to produce Acetyl COA Remember there are two of these processes happening 2 krebs cycles The pyruvate molecules created in glycolysis releases 4 hydrogens while the citric acid cycle releases 16 hydrogens o o Every electron derived by NADH will form 3 ATP o FADH will give us 2 ATPs o From each Acetyl COA we indirectly produce 1 ATP o The process of glycolysis will give us 3 ATPs o The total hydrogens released are 16 hydrogens 12 of the 16 yield 15 ATps 6NADH x 2 5 ATP per NADH 15ATPs The hydrogens from FADH will give us 4 ATPS The complete breakdown of glucose yields 34 ATps Plus the 1 from each acetyl COA 36 Then the process of glycolysis alone will give use 3 ATP Now we are at a total of 39 ATP o The electrons from NADH and FADH were delivered to the ETS Describe Oxygen deficit and oxygen debt during light and heavy exercise o Oxygen deficit expresses the difference between the total oxygen consumption during exercise and the total that would be consumed had steady rate oxygen consumption been achieved from the start The oxygen deficit is how much oxygen were NOT giving Being more trained will shrink the oxygen deficit The endurance trained person reaches steady rate more rapidly with a smaller oxygen deficit than sprint power athletes untrained individuals cardiac patients or older adults Light exercise with rapid attainment of steady rate oxygen consumption produces a small oxygen deficit Moderate to intense aerobic exercise requires a longer time to achieve steady rate which creates a larger oxygen deficit o Oxygen debt a k a Recovery oxygen consumption excess post exercise oxygen consumption EPOC the total oxygen consumed in recovery minus the total oxygen theoretically consumed at rest during the recovery period Recovery proceeds rapidly after light exercise During intense exercise it takes longer for the recovery oxygen consumption to return to its pre exercise level Describe what occurs in the phases of oxygen debt specifically the alactaid without lactate build up and lactaid elevated blood lactate levels portions o Lactate accumulation from the anaerobic component of exercise represented use of glycogen the stored energy credit Oxygen debt served two purposes Re establishing the original glycogen stores by synthesizing approximately 80 of the lactate back to glycogen in the liver Catabolizing the remaining lactate through the pyruvate citric acid cycle pathway The ATP generated presumably powered glycogen resynthesis from lactate o In exhaustive exercise with its large anaerobic component and lactate accumulation a small portion of EPOC resynthesizes lactate to glycogen o When exercise intensity exceeds the maximum steady rate level lactate formation in muscle exceeds its removal rate and blood lactate accumulates More lactate faster exhaustion o Performing aerobic exercises in recovery accelerates blood lactate removal o There are 2 phases of recovery Fast phase alactaid Rapid drop off Replaces ATP PCr Slow phase Lactaid Replaces lactate acid and glycogen o Your not fully recovered until you are at 250ml of VO2 o Lactate acid serves as the fuel for the recovery process Goes to glycogen o Lactate acid is formed by the reduction of pyruvate o Lactate dehydrogenase How is lactate formed during glycolysis What are the conditions under which it is formed o NADH donates it electron to pyruvate to get lactate acid What is the primary fuel for rest light to moderate exercise and heavy exercise o Fat is the primary fuel at rest o Light to moderate exercise is more carbohydrates and less fats o Heavy exercise is mostly carbohydrates Describe active and passive recovery What effect do they have on lactate removal o In active recovery the individual performs submaximal exercise believing that continued physical activity in some way prevents muscle cramps and stiffness and facilitates overall recovery o With Passive recovery the person usually lies down presuming that total inactivity reduces the resting energy requirements and thus free s exygen to fuel
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