Study Guide Test 1Q/A1. What is the process that is responsible for breaking down fatty acids for use as fuel? A: Beta Oxidation2. ATP and Phospocreatine, under maximal effort, can yield energy for ___.A: 6-10 seconds3. Describe the Lactic Acid (Short-Term Energy) System.A: This system is anaerobic & lactate production is rapid and large.4. The alactic, or alactaid phase of O2 debt is characterized by:A: Replenishment of myoglobin stores & reconverting ADP back to ATP.5. According to our textbook, how many net ATP form from the glycogen during glycolosis under anaerobic conditions?A: 36. Describe how the oxygen deficit and aerobic training is not the same for trained and untrained individuals when they exercise at the same absolute intensity.A: A trained person reaches a steady rate more rapidly and thus has a smaller oxygen deficit.7. Describe carbohydrates.A: They provide energy & spare protein.8: What is needed for continuous ATP resynthesis?A: 1. Reducing agents in the form of NADH or FADH22. Presence of an oxidizing agent in the cell3. Sufficient concentration of enzymes and mitochondria9. An activity like a 25-meter swim or 100-meter sprint would best be classified as:A: 95% anaerobic. 5% aerobic10. The aerobic pathway:A: Yields a large amount of ATP.11. Describe lipids/fats in association with exercise.A: 1. Exercise training increases the activity of lipases in both skeleton muscle and adipose tissue, and biochemical and vascular adaptations in muscle enhance fat use for energy during moderate exercise.2. Moderate intensity exercise increases fatty acid use for energy, whichreduces their cellular concentration.12. Explain O2 consumption in the lactacid pahse (slow phase recovery).A: 1. Elevated temperature2. Residual effects of hormones and elevated heart rate13. Describe the relationship between exercise intensity and EPOC.A: Intensity and EPOC are directly related (as one increases the other increases and vice versa)14. Describe the First Law of Thermodynamics.A:1. Conservation of energy.2. The body does not produce, consume, or use up energy.3. The body transforms energy from one form into another as physiologic systems undergo continual change.15. Describe essential amino acids.A:1. They must be acquired through diet.2. They are the primary amino acids responsible for protein synthesis.16. Active recovery is used to:A:1. Speed lactic acid clearance.2. Should be performed at low to slightly moderate intensities (e.g. 35-40 % VO2 max)17. Describe creatine:A:1. Creatine food sources include meat, fish, poultry, and cranberries.2. Evidence suggests that creatine supplementation during exercise training can induce greater training adaptation presumably via higher quality training sessions.18. During aerobic metabolism of a glucose molecule, the individual process that produces the majority of the net ATP is _______.A:Electron transport chain19. Describe the electron transport chain.A:1. The movement of electrons down the chain is used to pump hydrogen ions into the inner membrane space.2. The energy of movement of H+ ions back into the mitochondrial matrix is used by ATP synthase to reconvert ADP to ATP.20. What happens to the lactate after it is formed in the exercised muscles?A:1. Enter the cori cycle and shuttled to the liver2. Used by oxidative muscle fibers3. GluconeogenesisTrue/False1. Both NAD+ and FAD gain one hydrogen and two electrons and reduce to NADH andFADH2, respectively.FALSE2. EPOC is the difference between actual O2 consumed during exercise and the O2 that would have been consumed had the exercising individual reached steady state immediately.FALSE3. Per unit weight, carbohydrates contain more energy than lipids.FALSE4. Competitive inhibitors are particles that resemble normal substrate and bind to the enzyme blocking its active site.TRUE5. Overall, the relatively large percentage of fat calories is metabolized at low exercise intesities (e.g. 25 % of VO2max).TRUE6. Lactic Acid is formed when pyruvate is reduced by NADH+ H+ (e.g. it donates its hydrogens and electrons to pyruvate).TRUE7. Endergonic Reactions refer to chemical processes that release energy to its surroundings (e.g. Breakdown of ATP).FALSE8. Energy transfer in the body occurs via the releasing of energy trapped within chemicalbonds.TRUEEx Phys - Test 2 Study GuideMultiple Choice1. Describe the mechanics of expiration.- The diaphragm rises- Volume in the thoracic cavity decreases- Patm < Pip2. Describe the sequence of events in breathing mechanics.Muscle Contraction Change in thoracic volume Change in Intrapulmonic pressure Movement of air3. What lung volume categories INCREASES with exercise? - Tidal Volume4. During moderate exercise, trained athletes increase exercise minute ventilation PRIMARILY by which factor?- Increase in tidal volume5. What factors contribute to a decrease in alveolar ventilation?- Increase in physiologic dead space- Reduced perfusion of alveoli- Reduced ventilation of alveoli6. If the partial pressure of expired CO2 decreases from 28mmHG to 14mmHg, what can you assume regarding dead space ventilation?- Dead space increases7. Describe the blood pressure response to the valsalva maneuver.- Blood pressure drops due to restricted venous return, decreasing EDV and SV.8. What is NOT true regarding gas exchange between alveoli and blood?- Pvenous CO2 < PACO2, thus CO2 diffuses from venous blood to alveoli.9. During exercise, the reduced hemoglobin saturation of O2 at a blood PO2 40mmHg is primarily due to what?- Increased uptake of oxygen by skeletal muscle tissue.10. During Phase II of the ventilatory response to exercise, what regulates ventilation?- Humoral and neural11. What is generally the most influential factor that increases VO2max following training?- An increase in stroke volume12. What is used as the true determinant of one’s VO2max?- A plateau in oxygen consumption, despite increased workload.13. There is generally a significant difference in VO2max values between genders, what is the factor that DOES NOT explains this disparity?- The heart is proportionally larger in women than in men14. If Jane ran an 8-minute mile before training and then again after 12 weeks of aerobic training, what physiological changes would we expect to see DURING the second run?- Decreased blood lactate concentration- Increased stroke volume- Increased fat metabolism- Increased parasympathetic withdraw15. Identify factors that help increase fat metabolism during
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