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PET3380C Final Exam Study Guide Exercise Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide 1 Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism o kicks in about 2 4 minutes after exercise begins when anaerobic metabolism has aerobic metabolism o requires O2 o must occur in the mitochondria o produces large amounts of energy produced as much energy as it can o end product is pyruvate o uses glucose to form Acetly CoA Krebs cycle anaerobic metabolism o no oxygen required o used for short bursts of exercises after about 4 minutes of exercise o ATP PC system and anaerobic glycolysis o takes place in cytoplasm anaerobic glycolysis 2 What is ATP How does it function How is it formed ATP adenosine triphosphate only energy currency used for muscular contraction o stored in the myofilaments of muscle o energy is released when ATP is converted to ADP o ATP ADP Pi Energy o only gives 2 4 seconds of power energy CP creatine phosphate PC used after immediate ATP is used up o CP Cr Pi Energy o energy from this reaction helps to resynthesize more ATP o ATP PC system is immediate energy system 3 Describe glycolysis glycolysis generates energy from glucose both aerobically and anaerobically almost all reactions that take place in glycolysis are reversible anaerobic glycolysis no oxygen necessessary occurs in the cytoplasm o start with blood glucose G6P or glycogen o releases energy that allows Pi to be recombined with ADP to create more ATP o also called lactic acid system because lactic acid is the end product o glycogen is the stored form of glucose o 2 lactates are produced at the end of the process from pyruvic acid lactate is what pyruvic acid forms in the absence of oxygen o the ATP yield of anaerobic glycolysis if using glycogen is 3 and 2 ATP if the process starts with blood glucose o also 2 NADH and 2 NAH are formed as well NAD is a transporter oxidation reduction reactions aerobic glycolysis requires oxygen occurs in the mitochondria o the end product is pyruvate but in the presence of oxygen Acetly CoA is formed instead of lactate o same amount of ATP are yielded in each form of glycolysis o in the process that follows aerobic glycolysis the Krebs Cycle more ATP are formed lactate can also be formed during rest and moderate exercise but only a small amount o two ways 1 energy metabolism of RBCs that contain no mitochondria and 2 limitations posed by enzyme activity in muscle fibers with high glycolytic capacity o but this is readily oxidized for any neighboring muscle fibers or other distant tissues like the heart and ventilatory muscles 4 Describe the Krebs Cycle entry point to the Krebs cycle is Acetyl CoA created from pyruvate in aerobic glycolysis also called the citric acid or TCA cycle pyruvate joins with CoA to form acetyl CoA and the two released H transfer their electrons to NAD to form one molecule of CO2 Acetyl CoA creates 6 carbon citric acid and the cycle ends with a 4 carbon oxaloacetate which then combines with acetyl CoA again to repeat the cycle over and over again 3 NADH molecules are formed 2 CO2 molecules are formed 1 FADH2 1 ATP per Acetyl CoA 2 molecules enter the cycle and 20 total H are released in the citric acid cycle 5 Describe the Electron Transport Chain happens in the mitochondria energy is released from high energy to low energy happens at the same time the citric acid cycle is occurring FADH in the ETC gives 2 ATP while NADH gives 3 ATP 12 H2O is produced at the end of the ETC 6 Beta Oxidation fat is a much larger source of fuel compared to glucose o 30 more energy ATP than CHOs o fats 9 calories o CHOs 4 calories high amounts of ATP are stored in fat body likes to use fat as fuel for sub maximal exercises fat is stored in adipocytes oxygen must be available for fat to be used as a fuel o breakdown of triglyceride to three free fatty acids in total 32 molecules of ATP are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose in aerobic glycolysis the Krebs cycle and ETC o free fatty acids transported in blood to the muscle mitochondria where they are prepared for catabolism energy activation o breakdown of fatty acid to acetyl CoA through beta oxidation and NADH and FADH2 are produced o coupled oxidation in citric acid cycle and electron transport chain lactic acid inhibits fatty acid mobilization beta oxidation the process of breaking down a fatty acid to create a molecule of acetyl CoA which takes place in the mitochondria o continues repeats until the entire fatty acid molecule degrades to acetyl CoA for direct entry into the citric acid cycle until only 2 2 carbon molecules or a 2 carbon and a 3 carbon molecule are left o oxygen must join with hydrogen for beta oxidation to proceed o fat catabolism is halted under aerobic conditions because hydrogen remains with FAD and NAD o produces NADH and FADH2 by cleaving the fatty acid into 2 carbon acyl fragments o 5 ATP produced by each round beta oxidation each acetyl CoA produced or each 2 carbons removed plus 12 from Krebs cycle 17 ATP o for each 18 carbon fatty acid that goes through beta oxidation and Krebs cycle metabolism about 147 ATP are produced and for one triglyceride molecule this means 441 ATP are yielded this shows that fat catabolism produced much more energy than glucose metabolism 7 What is the respiratory quotient and how is it determined What is the relationship between the respiratory quotient and fuel use the more O2 you consume the more CO2 you produce but eventually you reach a ceiling R VCO2 VO2 RQ for fat 0 71 RQ for CHO 1 0 a graph of R vs VO2 shows the contribution of fuel to energetic o what fuel you are using at what type of activity rest high intensity etc o closer you get to max the more CHO you use and less fats you use o max amount of fats are used as a fuel at about 50 VO2 as you train you are better able to manage lactic acid you have a better buffering capacity 8 What is the primary fuel for different types of activities rest o systems used aerobic o substrates used about equal amounts 50 of fats and CHO used o lactate product minimal o O2 consumption 150 350 mL per minute max all out effort for 2 3 minutes o energy systems ATP PC anaerobic glycolysis and some aerobic if necessary o substrates ATP PC glycogen o lactate high because it depends a lot on using glycogen for fuel o O2 consumption large oxygen deficit present because the level of O2 consumed is below that required to supply all ATP necessary long duration 30 60 minutes o energy systems first ATP PC second anaerobic


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FSU PET 3380C - Exercise Physiology

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