1 1st law of thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transforms from one form to another without being depleted EX The body does not produce consume or use up energy instead it transforms energy from one state into another as physiologic systems undergo continual change 2 Muscle contraction is considered a mechanic event This is also a form of Biological Work 3 Diffusion does NOT require energy 4 Know properties of enzymes Protein catalysts accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed or changed in the reaction 5 ATP provides energy for all biological work 6 Energy remains constant 7 1 What speeds up enzymes 2 Mechanism lock and key 1 Turnover number number of moles of substrate that react to form a product per mole of enzyme per unit time pH and temperature alter enzyme activity 2 Enzyme turns on when its active site joins in a perfect fit with the substrate s active site Ensures that the correct enzyme matches with its specific substrate to perform a particular function 8 Electron Transport For each pair of hydrogen atoms two electrons flow down the chain and reduce one oxygen atom Electron transport The final common pathway in aerobic metabolism Process ends when oxygen accepts two hydrogen electrons and forms water 9 End products of energy systems timing of systems where they get their energy from and their names ATP PCr anaerobic o Some energy for ATP resynthesis comes from anaerobic splitting of a phosphate from PCr o Cells store approximately 4 to 6 times more PCr than ATP o PCr reaches its maximum energy yield in about 10 s results in pyruvate to lactate o Anaerobic rapid glycolysis Glycolysis formation with the release of about 5 of energy within the original glucose molecule results in pyruvate to acetyl CoA to citric acid cycle and electron transport of the remaining energy within the original glucose molecule o Aerobic slow glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Kreb Cycle 1 Pyruvate NAD CoA Acetyl CoA CO2 NADH H Oxidation o Oxidative phosphorylation synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen o More than 90 of ATP synthesis takes place in the respiratory chain by oxidative reactions coupled with phosphorylation o Yields the MOST ATP o NADH H 3 ADP 3Pi O2 NAD H2O 3 ATP 10 Major energy source to keep resynthesizing ATP ATP PCr 11 Most important function of oxidative system and its relationship with electrons Oxidation always involves electron loss Reactions that transfer oxygen hydrogen atoms or electrons 12 Can we handle use heat energy NO 13 Know what glycogenesis is Glycogenesis glycogen synthesis low cellular activity and or with depleted glycogen reserves Surplus glucose forms glycogen in 14 Know what glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids are When deaminated they yield intermediates Glucogenic amino acids for glucose synthesis Ketogenic amino acids intermediates acetyl CoA or acetoacetate for TAG formation Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule When deaminated they yield the 15 Transferring energy by phosphate bonds is called phosphorylation Substrate level phosphorylation Energy transferred from substrate to ADP by phosphorylation in rapid glycolysis occurs via phosphate bonds in anaerobic reactions official definition This occurs in glycolysis 16 Know graphs for oxygen debt EPOC and deficit for trained and untrained person Oxygen Deficit Represents immediate anaerobic energy transfer from the hydrolysis of intramuscular high energy phosphates and glycolysis until steady rate energy transfer meets current energy demands Endurance trained individuals reach steady rate more rapidly with a smaller oxygen deficit than sprint power athletes cardiac patients older adults or untrained individuals A faster aerobic kinetic response allows the trained person to consume a greater total amount of oxygen during steady rate exercise and makes the anaerobic component of exercise energy transfer proportionately smaller See 19 17 Understand EPOC factors sometimes referred to as the oxygen debt total recovery VO2 minus total VO2 theoretically consumed at EPOC EPOC rest during the recovery Factors 1 resynthesize ATP and PCr 2 resynthesize lactate to glycogen Cori Cycle 3 oxidize lactate in energy metabolism 4 restore oxygen to myoglobin and blood 5 restore thermogenic effects of elevated core temperature 6 thermogenic effects of hormones catecholamines 7 restore elevated heart rate ventilation and other physiological functions 18 Understand how we get to lactate all about it Anaerobic rapid glycolysis results in pyruvate to lactate formation with the release of about 5 of energy within the original glucose molecule Rapid glycolysis forms lactate with 4 total ATP produced 2 net ATP 14 6 kcal mol During intense exercise when hydrogen oxidation doesn t keep pace with production pyruvate temporarily binds hydrogen to form lactate 19 What would happen once steady state of aerobic metabolism occurs Oxygen uptake during exercise initially rises exponentially before it plateaus and then remains in steady rate for the duration of effort Steady rate aerobic metabolism reflects a balance between energy required by working muscles and ATP production in aerobic reactions Steady rate exercise could theoretically progress indefinitely assuming that steady rate aerobic metabolism determines the capacity to sustain submaximal exercise Two steady rate limiting factors o Fluid loss and electrolyte depletion o Maintaining adequate reserves of both liver glycogen for central nervous system function and muscle glycogen to power exercise 20 What of vo2 is optimal for recovery Between 30 45 Recovery doesn t change between different exercises Don t need to know specifics for cycling or running Know intensity ranges o In short duration light to moderate activity recovery VO2 replenishes high energy phosphates depleted during activity o In longer duration intense aerobic exercise 60 min recovery VO2 remains elevated for a longer duration o In exhaustive exercise with lactate accumulation a small portion of EPOC resynthesizes lactate to glycogen 21 Know difference in trained and untrained individuals and how they respond to aerobic training Three aerobic training adaptations facilitate the rate of aerobic metabolism when exercise begins o More rapid increase in muscle bioenergetics o More rapid increase in overall blood flow o Disproportionately large regional blood flow to active muscle complemented by cellular adaptations These three
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