1. 1st law of thermodynamics- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only transforms from one form to another without being depleted- EX. The body does not produce, consume, or use up energy; instead it transforms energy from one state into another as physiologic systems undergo continual change2. Muscle contraction is considered a mechanic event. This is also a form of Biological Work.3. Diffusion does NOT require energy4. Know properties of enzymes- Protein catalysts: accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed or changed in the reaction5. ATP provides energy for all biological work.6. Energy remains constant7. (1) What speeds up enzymes? (2) Mechanism? (lock and key)- (1) Turnover number: number of moles of substrate that react to form a product per mole of enzyme per unit time- pH and temperature alter enzyme activity- (2) Enzyme turns on when its active site joins in a “perfect fit” with the substrate’s active site- Ensures that the correct enzyme matches with its specific substrate toperform a particular function8. Electron Transport- Electron transport : The final common pathway in aerobic metabolism- For each pair of hydrogen atoms, two electrons flow down the chain and reduce one oxygen atom- Process ends when oxygen accepts two hydrogen electrons and forms water9. End products of energy systems, timing of systems, where they get their energy from, and their names- ATP-PCr (anaerobic)o Some energy for ATP resynthesis comes from anaerobic splitting of a phosphate from PCro Cells store approximately 4 to 6 times more PCr than ATPo PCr reaches its maximum energy yield in about 10 s - Glycolysiso Anaerobic (rapid) glycolysis results in pyruvate-to-lactate formation with the release of about 5% of energy within the original glucose moleculeo Aerobic (slow) glycolysis= Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb Cycle results in pyruvate-to-acetyl-CoA-to-citric acid cycle and electron transport of the remaining energy within the original glucose molecule1. Pyruvate + NAD+ CoA Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH+ + H+- Oxidationo Oxidative phosphorylation synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygeno More than 90% of ATP synthesis takes place, in the respiratory chain by oxidative reactions coupled with phosphorylationo Yields the MOST ATPo NADH + H+ + 3 ADP + 3Pi + ½O2 NAD+ +H2O + 3 ATP 10. Major energy source to keep resynthesizing ATP- ATP-PCr11. Most important function of oxidative system and its relationship with electrons- Oxidation (always involves electron loss)- Reactions that transfer oxygen, hydrogen atoms, or electrons12. Can we handle/use heat energy? NO13. Know what glycogenesis is- Glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis ): Surplus glucose forms glycogen in low cellular activity and/or with depleted glycogen reserves 14. Know what glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids are- Glucogenic amino acids : When deaminated, they yield intermediates for glucose synthesis- Ketogenic amino acids : When deaminated, they yield the intermediates acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate for TAG formation- Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule15. Transferring energy by phosphate bonds is called phosphorylation - Substrate–level phosphorylation : Energy transferred from substrate to ADP by phosphorylation in rapid glycolysis occurs via phosphate bonds in anaerobic reactions (official definition)- This occurs in glycolysis 16. Know graphs for oxygen debt (EPOC) and deficit for trained and untrained person- Oxygen Deficit : Represents immediate anaerobic energy transfer fromthe hydrolysis of intramuscular high-energy phosphates and glycolysis until steady-rate energy transfer meets current energy demands- Endurance-trained individuals reach steady rate more rapidly, with a smaller oxygen deficit, than sprint-power athletes, cardiac patients, older adults, or untrained individuals - A faster aerobic kinetic response allows the trained person to consume a greater total amount of oxygen during steady-rateexercise and makes the anaerobic component of exercise energy transfer proportionately smaller- See #1917. Understand EPOC factors- EPOC (sometimes referred to as the ”oxygen debt”)- EPOC = total recovery VO2 minus total VO2 theoretically consumed at rest during the recovery- Factors: (1) resynthesize ATP and PCr, (2) resynthesize lactate to glycogen (Cori Cycle), (3) oxidize lactate in energy metabolism, (4) restore oxygen to myoglobin and blood, (5) restore thermogenic effects of elevated core temperature, (6) thermogenic effects of hormones (catecholamines), (7) restore elevated heart rate, ventilation and other physiological functions18. Understand how we get to lactate (all about it)- Anaerobic (rapid) glycolysis results in pyruvate-to-lactate formation with the release of about 5% of energy within the original glucose molecule- Rapid glycolysis forms lactate with 4 total ATP produced (2 net ATP – 14.6 kcal/mol)- During intense exercise when hydrogen oxidation doesn't keep pace with production, pyruvate temporarily binds hydrogen to form lactate19. What would happen once steady state of aerobic metabolism occurs?- Oxygen uptake during exercise initially rises exponentially before it plateaus, and then remains in steady-rate for the duration of effort- Steady-rate aerobic metabolism reflects a balance between energy required by working muscles and ATP production in aerobic reactions- Steady-rate exercise could theoretically progress indefinitely, assuming that steady-rate aerobic metabolism determines the capacity to sustain submaximal exercise- Two steady-rate limiting factors: o Fluid loss and electrolyte depletiono Maintaining adequate reserves of both liver glycogen for central nervous system function and muscle glycogen to powerexercise20. What % of vo2 is optimal for recovery? - Between 30-45%- Recovery doesn’t change between different exercises- Don’t need to know specifics for cycling or running- Know intensity rangeso In short-duration, light-to-moderate activity, recovery VO2 replenishes high-energy phosphates depleted during activityo In longer-duration, intense aerobic exercise (>60 min), recovery VO2 remains elevated for a longer durationo In exhaustive exercise with lactate accumulation, a small portion of EPOC resynthesizes lactate to glycogen21. Know difference in trained and untrained individuals and how they respond to aerobic training- Three aerobic training adaptations facilitate the rate of aerobic
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