Chapter 4Socialization & the Life CourseSocializationThe interactive process through which people learnBasic skillsValuesBeliefsBehavior patterns of a societyWithin socialization, a person develops a sense of selfThe Socialization ProcessSocialization occurs during our interactions with each other.Who we are is defined by how others see us.How one is socialized differs depending on factors such as age, race, gender, class, and personality.Through socialization, one internalizes expectations of society.Agents of SocializationSocialization agents are people, or sources, or structures that pass on social expectations.1. The FamilyThe family teaches children norms and values of culture.For most people, the family is the first source of socialization.Diverse family experiences, gender, birth order, and different family structures and processes all influence the socialization process.2. The MediaThe mass media is an increasingly important agent of socialization.Television & social media have a huge impact on what we are socialized to believe and become.3. PeersPeers are those with whom we interact on equal terms, such as friends, fellow students, and coworkers.4. ReligionReligion contributes to the identities children construct.It shapes the beliefs that people develop.Religious socialization influences a large number of beliefs that guide adults in how they organize their lives—e.g., moral behavior, gender roles, and sexuality.5. SportsThrough sports, individuals learn concepts of fairness, rules, etc. that stay with them in their later lives.6. SchoolsIn school, teachers and other students affect how children think and behave.School develops and reinforces:racial and ethnic roles and differencesgender differences and stereotypessocial class distinctionsphysical/mental abilities and disabilitiesSOC 101 Monday, March 8 Lecture OutlineTheoretical Perspectives on Culture and the MediaDoes the media create popular values or reflect them? The reflection hypothesis contends that the mass media reflects the values of the general population.Functionalist theorists believe that norms and values create or disrupt social bonds that attach people to society.Conflict theorists analyze culture as a source of power in society.Symbolic Interactionists are concerned with the meaning that people give to behavior and how social interaction produces and changes culture and cultural behavior.Symbolic interaction also emphasizes that culture, like all other forms of social behavior,is socially constructed. Feminist theory – analyzes the power that men have in controlling cultural institutions.Cultural ChangeThe Role of Technology Central to a group’s material culture is its technology. In its simplest sense,technology can be equated with tools. In its broadest sense, technology also includesthe skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools.Cultural lagNot all parts of culture change at the same pace; cultural lag refers to situations where the material culture changes first and the nonmaterial culture lags behind. Different groups within society adopt and use technological advances differently. Cultural diffusionFor most of human history, cultures have always been in contact with other groups, resulting in groups learning from one another.1Cultural diffusion occurs more rapidly today, given technological advances.This may lead to cultural leveling where cultures become similar to one another.Chapter 4Socialization & the Life CourseWe cover ONLY the following sections of this Chapter:Introduction4.24.3dSocializationThe interactive process through which people learn Basic skills  Values Beliefs Behavior patterns of a societyWithin socialization, a person develops a sense of selfThe Socialization Process Socialization occurs during our interactions with each other. – Who we are is defined by how others see us.– How one is socialized differs depending on factors such as age, race, gender, class, and personality.• Through socialization, one internalizes expectations of society.Agents of SocializationSocialization agents are people, or sources, or structures that pass on social expectations.Many social institutions shape the process of socialization.1. The Family2The family teaches children norms and values of culture. For most people, the family is the first source of socialization. Diverse family experiences, gender, birth order, and different family structures and processes all influence the socialization process.2. The MediaThe mass media is an increasingly important agent of socialization. Television & social media have a huge impact on what we are socialized to believe and become.3. PeersPeers are those with whom we interact on equal terms, such as friends, fellow students, and coworkers. 4. ReligionReligion contributes to the identities children construct.It shapes the beliefs that people develop.Religious socialization influences a large number of beliefs that guide adults in how they organize their lives—e.g., moral behavior, gender roles, and sexuality.5. SportsThrough sports, individuals learn concepts of fairness, rules, etc. that stay with them in their later lives.6. SchoolsIn school, teachers and other students affect how children think and behave.3School develops and reinforces:racial and ethnic roles and differencesgender differences and stereotypessocial class distinctionsphysical/mental abilities and