SOC101 1nd Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Race & EthnicityOutline of Current Lecture II. A made-up discriminatory video---Shopping while blackIII. True colors: Racial Discrimination in Everyday Lifea. Two men were hooked to cameras to prove to the US world in 1991 that racismand discrimination is still present during that time periodb. The two friends,a black man and white man were pretty much exactly the same, the only exception is that the skin tone of both men were hooked to cameras to show how each man was treated differently based on their racec. The black man was ignored attention needed for helping shop, while the white man wasn’td. The black man was being tailed by an employee, inspected by the police and put more money down for the same car etc.1. African Americans pay more for cars and job services2. Referred to as lazy3. African American causes the cost/quality of the neighborhood to decrease the second they move in.4. Through jobs, shopping and employment one can see the discrimination that was visibly present in 1991IV. Henry Louis Gates Jr. – African American professor in Harvarda. A major race scholarb. The neighbor saw him get into his own house and reported that there is a blackman that is getting into a home in Cambridge, the police arrive, and he is arrestedV. Racism is more than just a collection of individual acts from relatively few racist people. A. In fact, often, racism is impossible to pin on any one individual.B. That’s because racism is not only individual, it’s also systemic, it is built into our social structures. C. This is called “Structural” or “institutional racism.” So we can thus identify two basic levels of racism: the individual level and the structural level. PP#12 These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.When we talk about racism at the structural level, this means that even when most people aren’t really racist [i.e., not engaging in overt acts of racism], racism can still exist and be reproduced because it is embedded in our social structures.VI. Yes, social institutions—here I mean institutions such as the legal system, the medical system, the educational system, the media, and so forth—these institutions are indeed comprised of people. And people design the policies for each of them.A. BUT, institutions can also take on a life of their own. These institutions exist beyond any particular individual or even any particular group of individuals.When such institutions have the net effect of imposing oppressive or otherwise negative conditions against certain groups on the basis of race or ethnicity—THAT’s called institutional racism.Here are a few examples of institutional racism:VII. The first is bank loans for houses [1]:A. To see how racism has become embedded in bank loans for houses and, thus, patterns of where people live, we have to go back in history to at least the 1930s.B. Starting in the 1930s, the federal government developed new criteria for determining which areas, which neighborhoods of cities, were a good investment—which neighborhoods were “safe” bets for them to offer people loans to buy a house.C. This was all part of a drive to revive the economy and bring the US out of the Great Depression. The Government wanted to spur the real estate industry and get people buying new houses. D. so they developed these criteria to figure out where they should give people loans to buy houses, what neighborhoods were good investments, which neighborhoods they should spend government money to keep people in their homes E. And what were the criteria they used? Well, they used the quality and prices of homes inthe neighborhood, they used the incomes of the residents who lived there, and they used the race of the residents. F. Those neighborhoods with Blacks and other nonwhites (including, at that time, Italians, Greeks, and Jews) were defined as “bad investments.” G. The result was that people in those neighborhoods couldn’t get loans to buy a new house or to fix up an old house.By contrast, neighborhoods with whites, especially wealthy whites, were defined as “good investments,” and so whites could get loans—in fact, highly subsidized, low interest rate loans—to buy new houses in those areas that were deemed “good” investments.Now: Does it make sense for banks to come up with some way to figure out if a loan is going to be a good investment or a bad investment? H. Sure, they have to have some way of figuring out if the borrower will pay them back. I. But using “race” to determine which areas were “good” and which areas were “bad” wasclearly racist J. and for a long time both banks and real estate agents used these criteria in lending and selling homes.K. this ultimately became a form of institutional racism because the racism was literally built into the policies themselves, into the criteria for determining which neighborhoods (and, by proxy, which people) were good or bad investments.VIII. THIS led to a second, perhaps even more pernicious example of institutional racism, and this is residential segregation by race [2]—that is, that where people live is segregated along racial lines.A. Now, on the surface, this may not seem like a big deal. So what if black people mostly live near blacks, and Latinos mostly live near other Latinos, and Asian Americans mostly near other Asian Americans, and white people with other whites? So what????B. Well, it turns out to be a huge deal. First and foremost, given the very brief slice of history I just described, you will now understand that where many people live today wasn’t always determined by their own “choice.” - Through the 1960s, certain “types” of people were pushed towards certain “types” of neighborhoods.- Heck, this happens even today, as we saw in the video; if you are white and are buying a house, a real estate agent may whisper to you that “this neighborhood is going down” so you don’t want to live there.- And likewise they may not show a black family homes in a white neighborhood.- But, as I described before, this used to be much more institutionalized and explicit: - Blacks weren’t given loans to move into white neighborhoods; heck, blacks weren’t given loans to move into any neighborhood. - They were considered a “bad investment,” just by virtue of