SOC101 1nd Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Conflict theory and Critiques of FunctionalismOutline of Current Lecture II. The Research Model1. Select a topic: Choose a topic to research2. Define the problem: Develop research questions3. Review the literature: know what is known through looking at previous sociological studies and unknown4. Formulate a hypothesis: Define the variables5. Choose a research method: Choose the type of research method such as surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, analysis of documents and experiments6. Collect the data7. Analyze the results: Validity, Reliability, ReplicabilityA. Validity: making sure that your measurements are valid and what you want to measureB. Reliability: generate the same findings after repetitionC. Replicability: generate same finding after repetition8. Share the results: publish in books and academic articlesIII. 6 types of Research MethodsA. Surveysa. Population (not usually possible)b. Sample-Random Sample-Stratified random sample: stratified into a group -> selects from the random sample sub-groups- Snowball sample: builds upon itself (eg. Building sample through interpersonal connections like CEO) c. Wording & ordering of questions to avoid response bias: the words and order they are put in leads up to questions and the order of questionsVI. DO NOT MISTAKE: CORRELATION AND CAUSATION as being the sameA. Correlated: 2 things are related- Focus on correlation in sociology classThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. Causation: one thing causes another thing as an effect- avoid because we can’t measure every variableVII. SAMPLE SURVEY QUESTIONS: Which is the Response Bias?1. In your opinion, how would you rate President Obama’s handling of the economy?-EXCECLLENT-VERY GOOD-GOOD-FAIR-POOR2. President Obama has done a good job of handling the economy?-STRONGLY AGREE-AGREE-NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE-DISAGREE-STRONGLY AGREE*****RESPONSE BIAS******VIII. Participant Occupation/ EthnographyA. Ethnography: live with people during the study- Activities of behavior of groups- Informal interactions and unplanned activities- Language usage: for very long extent of time- Non-verbal communication: body language- What does not happenB. New questions should arise- Have to be upfront that they are doing research ( must get the people’s consent to do the study)C. NOT ALWAYS REPLICABLEIX. Secondary analysis: using results of other people’s surveysX. Document analysis: instead of using people as subjects, one uses docsA. Use documents (e.g. Rolling Stones, court cases, legal documents/images, foreclosure… etc.)XI. ExperimentsXII. Unobtrusive observation- Setting of park- Observe, don’t need consent- Study the fan’s violence before a game A. Studies must be reviewed before the research start through IRV to make sure that it is ethical, if unethical study then it will not be to be performedXIII. Unethical StudiesA. Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972)a) US Public Health Service track Syphilis that did a study on African American men and the relationship they have with syphilis in the south- They enrolled the African American men that had Phyllis and didn’t know- African American men not told that they are being a participant in the study - In the study they had to take a spinal study that is very painful- The ones who have Phyllis was withheld from military so that they cannot take a test the military give to see if they have Phyllis- Later the results were published- Cause 28 deaths, disabilities …etc.B. Milgram’s “ Obedience to Authority” Study (1963)a) Milgram was curious about the Nuremberg Trials that happened where the former Nazi soldiers said that they did what they did because they were giventhe orders to do so by an authority figure.- Milgram has an experiment where there is a teacher that teaches the learner and each time the learner is asked a question and gets it wrong cause the teacher to give the learner a shock that increases for every question the learner get wrong- Meanwhile the teacher is told by another participant that reads a script to tell the teacher to keep moving on and keep asking questions- The teacher hears from the other room the sounds of pain and suffering that is goingon in the room of where the learner is. In reality, the sounds of pain and suffering is a recording that the experimenters who created the study have made to seem that the learner was in pain when the shock was turned up on the dial closer to being shocks that are fatal.- This study showed how anyone can cause pain to another human being if given the authorities to, even such pain and suffering given can be fatal.C. Zimbardo’s “Simulated Prison” Studya) A unethical study that has young white college student boys be part of an experiment that became more and more of a reality- There were prisoner and prisoner guard and the setting of being a prison came from being an experiment to being just like a real prison- The experimenter, himself, was part of the experiment as a Prison Superintendent- He let the parents of the prisoners come to visit, like a real prison would- All participants in the experiment went from acting their parts to being the parts they were assigned- The participants have psychological affected In these case studies the experimenters gave no consent, withheld information, deception was present, the exploitation of vulnerable group( which is goes against the sociology principle of not taking advantage of a population that doesn’t benefit the population too)XIV. SYMBOLIC CULTUREA. Gestures: Different cultures use different gestures differentlyB. Language(basis of culture): form culture, used for written record/oral records- AAVE( African American Vernacular English) or Ebonics- Sapir-hypothesis: language influences on how one thinks and behaves about a wordC. Values, Norms, Sanctionsa) Values: desirableb) Norms: expectations/rules of behavior that develop out of a cultures valuesc) Sanctions: Consequences that happen for following/ going against social normsD. What happens when someone breaks the norm?d) Depends on how strong the norm isE. Sanctions: 2 types of SanctionsF. Prescriptive: good, reinforce the normsA) 3 types of norms1. Folkways( minor norms)2. Mores( major norms, expected to follow, if one doesn’t then